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Chapter 2Clinical Decision Making and Evidence-Based Practice
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. | Patient preference |
2. | Clinical expertise |
3. | Research evidence |
4. | Leader practice |
ANS: 4
Evidence-based practice is the combination of applying research findings, creating clinical guidelines, and the individualization of the plan of care to meet the patients needs and desired. Leader practice is not a component of the evidence-based process.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: The Process of EBP
1. | Research |
2. | Trial and error |
3. | Nursing theory |
4. | Validated order |
ANS: 2
Examples of unstructured approaches to plan client care include trial and error, tradition, and authority. The approaches of research, nursing theory, and validated order all represent a structured approach to planning client care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Knowledge Bases for Clinical Decisions
1. | Creating evidence summaries |
2. | Evaluating outcomes |
3. | Integrating findings into practice |
4. | Participating in research |
ANS: 4
The ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation depicts the transfer of knowledge according to five sequential steps. The first step is primary research. Subsequent steps are: 2) evidence summary, 3) translation, 4) integration, and 5) evaluation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: EBP in Nursing
1. | reduce length of stay. |
2. | convert research findings to impact health outcomes. |
3. | reduce the cost of care. |
4. | increase the number of patients with health insurance. |
ANS: 2
The core concept of the ACE Star Model is knowledge transformation. Knowledge transformation is the conversion of research findings to have an impact on health outcomes by way of evidence-based care. Knowledge transformation is not a method to reduce length of stay, reduce the cost of care, or increase the number of patients with health insurance.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Definition of Knowledge Transformation
1. | Standardized care plans |
2. | Critical pathways |
3. | Clinical practice guidelines |
4. | Checklists to streamline documentation |
ANS: 3
In the third step of the ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation, experts are consulted to consider the evidence summaries, fill in gaps, and merge research knowledge with expertise to produce clinical practice guidelines. The nurse is not creating standardized care plans, critical pathways, or checklists to streamline documentation since these items are not a part of the ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Star Point 3: Translation
1. | Integration |
2. | Evaluation |
3. | Translation |
4. | Evidence summaries |
ANS: 1
During the Integration phase of the ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation, implementation plans are put into action to change the individual clinician practices, organizational practices, and environmental policies. Implementation plans are not a part of the evidence summaries, translation, or evaluation of the ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Star Point 4: Integration
1. | Current client census |
2. | Evidence summaries |
3. | Nursing department budget |
4. | Staffing ratios |
ANS: 2
The ideal base for writing clinical guidelines are evidence summaries because they increase the power and validity of the cause-and-effect relationship between interventions and outcomes. Current client census, nursing department budgets, and staffing ratios are not used to write clinical practice guidelines.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Evidence Summaries
1. | update the reviews. |
2. | interpret the findings. |
3. | summarize and synthesize results. |
4. | select and appraise the studies. |
ANS: 4
The next step in the systematic review writing process is selecting and appraising the studies. Afterwards, the nurse will complete, in order, summarize and synthesize results, interpret the findings, and regularly update the reviews.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Method for Producing Systematic Reviews
1. | Individual cohort study |
2. | Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |
3. | Expert opinion |
4. | Case studies |
ANS: 2
When utilizing the Scale for Rating the Strength of Research Evidence, the level with the strongest evidence is level I, meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Level III is individual cohort studies. Expert opinion is Level VII or the weakest evidence. Case studies are Level VI.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Table 2-1 Scale for Rating the Strength of Research Evidence
1. | fair. |
2. | passable. |
3. | poor. |
4. | good. |
ANS: 1
Research studies are rated according to the Scale for Rating the Quality of Research Evidence. According to this scale, a research study that is sufficient to determine the effects on health outcomes is considered fair. A good study has consistent results for well-designed, well-conducted studies that directly assess effects on health outcomes. A poor study has insufficient results to assess the affects on health outcomes. Passable is not a category of this rating scale.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Table 2-2 Scale for Rating the Quality of Research Evidence
1. | Do not use this guideline because the harm outweighs the benefits. |
2. | Do not use this guideline because the benefits and harms cannot be determined. |
3. | Use this guideline because the benefit is substantial. |
4. | Use this guideline but understand that the net benefit to the client is small. |
ANS: 3
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force grades clinical practice guidelines from A to D plus I. A grade A guideline is recommended for care since there is high certainty that the benefit to the client is substantial. A grade C guideline has a small net benefit to the client. A grade D guideline has harms that outweigh the benefits. A grade I guideline has benefits and harms that cannot be determined.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Box 2-6 Strength of Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
1. | Provide patient-centered care |
2. | Apply quality improvement |
3. | Employ evidence-based practice |
4. | Utilize informatics |
ANS: 2
Of the five Core Competencies for Health Professions, the competency that focuses on the identification of errors and hazards with implementation of basic safety is apply quality improvement. Provide patient-centered care focuses on direct care activities. Employ evidence-based practice focuses on the integration of research with clinical expertise. Utilize informatics to focus on communication and the use of information technology to support decision making.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Box 2-1 Core Competencies for Health Professions
1. | They provide the best evidence to make decisions about the care of individual clients. |
2. | They promote changes in client care according to a research study. |
3. | They ensure cost-effective care to the client. |
4. | They identify safe staffing ratios for client care. |
ANS: 1
Evidence-based practice guidelines provide the best evidence to make decisions about the care of individual clients. The use of a single research study to make changes in client care is a concept within research utilization and not evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice does impact the costs of client care but their intent is not to ensure cost-effective care but rather to improve the overall quality of care. Evidence-based guidelines do not provide staffing ratios for client care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: The Process of EBP
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. | Work in interdisciplinary teams |
2. | Utilize informatics |
3. | Implement basic safety principles |
4. | Employ evidence-based practice |
5. | Apply quality improvement |
6. | Provide patient-centered care |
ANS: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Core competencies for health professions include providing patient-centered care, working in interdisciplinary teams, employing evidence-based practice, applying quality improvement, and utilizing informatics. Implementing basic safety principles is only one part of a quality improvement program.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Box 2-1 Core Competencies for Health Professions.
1. | Complexity of science and technology |
2. | Difficulty of nowledge transformation |
3. | Variety of knowledge forms |
4. | Number of patient diagnoses |
5. | Evidence summary |
6. | Application of quality improvement |
ANS: 1, 3
Hurdles to evidence-based practice are the increasing complexity of science and technology and the variety of knowledge forms, many of which are not suitable for direct practice. Knowledge transformation, number of patient diagnoses, evidence summary, application of quality improvement are not considered impediments to the implementation of evidence-based practice.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Applying Evidence-Based Concept
1. | Review of literature |
2. | Evidence synthesis |
3. | Authentication review |
4. | Systematic reviews |
5. | Integrative reviews |
6. | Substantiation evidence |
ANS: 1, 2, 4, 5
Evidence summaries are also referred to as being review of literature, evidence synthesis, systematic reviews, and integrative reviews. These summaries are not referred to as being authentication review or substantiation evidence.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Star Point 2: Evidence Summary
1. | Scope and purpose |
2. | Stakeholder involvement |
3. | Rigor of development |
4. | Clarity and presentation |
5. | Author credentials |
6. | Application |
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
The AGREE Instrument for Assessing Guidelines outlines the primary facets of the clinical practice guideline being appraised for adoption. It includes the following criteria: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity and presentation, application, and editorial independence. Author credentials is not a criteria of this checklist.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Clinical Practice Guidelines
1. | Diabetes |
2. | End-of-life organ failures |
3. | Motor vehicle accidents |
4. | Scoliosis |
5. | Tobacco dependence |
6. | Major depression |
ANS: 1, 2, 5, 6
The Institute of Medicine has identified 20 priority areas for quality improvement which include diabetes, end-of-life organ failures, tobacco dependence, and major depression. Motor vehicle accidents and scoliosis are not priority areas identified by the Institute of Medicine.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Box 2-7 IOM-Priority Areas for National Action
Chapter 14Complementary and Alternative Therapies
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. | Ayurveda. |
2. | Chi. |
3. | Prana. |
4. | Qi. |
ANS: 2
In Chinese culture, the life force is known as chi. Ayurveda is Indian medicine. In Indian culture the life force is known as prana. In the Japanese culture the life force is know as qi.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: History of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
1. | Level I |
2. | Level II |
3. | Level III |
4. | Level IV |
ANS: 3
Level I Reiki practitioners are prepared to provide healing work at the physiological/physical level, and they work with the patient physically present. Level II Reiki practitioners are prepared to provide healing on the emotional and spiritual levels and in absentia. The masters or Reiki teachers are Level III practitioners. There is no Level IV Reiki practitioner.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Reiki
1. | biological therapy. |
2. | mind-body therapy. |
3. | body-based therapy. |
4. | energy therapy. |
ANS: 2
Mind-body therapies are a variety of techniques to facilitate the minds capacity to affect the body and various symptoms. Biofeedback is one type of mind-body therapy. Biological therapies use naturally occurring substances such as herbal medicine. Body-based therapies are based on manipulation or movement of one or more body parts. Energy therapy use energy fields to increase the flow of energy throughout the body.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: NCCAM Categories of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
1. | is a modern form of yoga. |
2. | uses breathing, movement, and posture. |
3. | enhances the flow of prana. |
4. | improves the flow of chi through the meridians of the body. |
ANS: 4
Tai chi improves the flow of chi through the meridians of the body to enhance health and promote healing. Tai chi is an ancient ritual movement that involves concentration, strength, flexibility, breathing, and the use of symbolic movements. Tai chi originated in China. Yoga originated in the Hindu culture. Yoga uses breathing, movement, and postures to enhance the flow of prana.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Tai Chi
1. | Headache |
2. | Sinusitis |
3. | Anemia |
4. | Kidney stones |
ANS: 1
Chiropractic therapy is useful to treat back pain, neck pain, joint pain of the arms or legs, headaches, and other neuromuscular complaints. Chiropractic therapy is not indicated for sinusitis, anemia, or kidney stones.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Chiropractic Therapy
1. | Acupressure |
2. | Acupuncture |
3. | Reiki |
4. | Guided imager |
ANS: 1
Acupressure is the stimulation of pressure points on the body to affect a body response. Antiemetic armbands are one example of an acupressure device. Acupuncture uses needles to stimulate identified points to affect a body response. Reiki is the manipulation of energy fields. Guided imagery is the use of relaxation and mental visualization to improve mood or physical well-being.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Acupressure
1. | shiatsu. |
2. | rolfing. |
3. | therapeutic. |
4. | relaxation. |
ANS: 2
Rolfing is a form of deep tissue massage and manipulation to correct body posture. Usually 10 sessions are required to completely restore the bodys alignment. Shiatsu is a combination of acupressure, massage, stretching, and joint manipulation to unblock the flow of chi. Therapeutic massage will not break up scar tissue. Relaxation is not a type of massage.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Rolfing
1. | Meditation |
2. | Prayer |
3. | Humor |
4. | Music |
ANS: 3
Humor is a frequently used complementary alternative medicine therapy and one of the therapies most often used to promote wellness. Humor increases the ability to cope with pain, enhance immune function, enhance respiratory function, and reduce preprocedural anxiety.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Humor
1. | Denial |
2. | Wishful thinking |
3. | Intercessory prayer |
4. | Positive thinking |
ANS: 3
Intercessory prayer is defined as a group that holds their focused thought for healing on behalf of someone else. Denial, wishful thinking, and positive thinking are not forms of complementary alternative medicine.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Intercessory Prayer
1. | How long have you been using herbal preparations? |
2. | Are you aware of the side effects of using herbal preparations? |
3. | They must be working. |
4. | They are probably less expensive than other medications. |
ANS: 2
The nurse must assess the client for herbal use and participate in knowledgeable client education on the potential effects of herbal preparations. The length of time the client has been using herbal preparations may or may not be significant. The nurse should not comment on the effectiveness of the preparations or the cost.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Herbal Therapies
1. | Reduce blood glucose level |
2. | Increase heart rate |
3. | Reduce blood pressure |
4. | Enhance appetite |
ANS: 3
Massage reduces heart rate, reduces blood pressure, increases energy, and increases immune system activity. Massage does not reduce blood glucose level, increase heart rate, or enhance appetite.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Massage Therapy
1. | Local organizations have yoga classes and training programs that you could attend. |
2. | Yoga is not as good acupuncture. |
3. | Tai chi is probably better for you. |
4. | Have you considered weight training? |
ANS: 1
Nurses can encourage clients to participate in yoga by finding a local organization that has yoga teachers and training programs. This is what the nurse should respond to the client. Yoga has other benefits that acupuncture may not have. The nurse should not encourage the client to utilize one type of mind-body therapy over another. The client did not express an interest in weight training so the nurse should not make that suggestion.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Yoga
1. | Naturopathy |
2. | Homeopathy |
3. | Osteopathy |
4. | Heroic |
ANS: 1
Naturopathy is a medical system that focuses on supporting health rather than fighting diseases. An example of a naturopathic treatment is hydrotherapy. Homeopathy is a medical system that is used for wellness and prevention and utilizes natural substances such as herbs to treat health concerns. Heroic medicine is the use of aggressive medical practices or methods of treatment. Osteopathy uses a full spectrum of medical treatments to include medication, surgery, and manipulation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Naturopathy
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. | Acupuncture |
2. | Chiropractic |
3. | Weight lifting |
4. | Cycling |
5. | Massage |
6. | Yoga |
ANS: 1, 2, 5, 6
Complementary alternative medicine therapies are numerous and include acupuncture, chiropractic, massage, and yoga. Weight lifting and cycling are not complementary alternative medicine therapies.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Table 14-1 CAM Therapies Used in the United States
1. | Potential benefits of complementary alternative medicine therapies |
2. | Cost of complementary alternative medicine therapies |
3. | Frequency of use |
4. | Drug interactions |
5. | Location of providers |
6. | Length of time used |
ANS: 1, 2, 4
Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the different potential benefits of complementary alternative medicine therapies including costs, client knowledge, and drug interactions. Frequency of use, location of providers, and length of time used are not necessarily important for the nurse to be aware.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Box 14-1 Healthy People 2010 and Complementary and Alternative Therapies
1. | Hypnosis |
2. | Manipulation |
3. | Tai chi |
4. | Surgery |
5. | Yoga |
6. | Medications |
ANS: 2, 4, 6
Osteopathy originally used manipulative techniques for correcting physical abnormalities thought to cause disease. Osteopathy now uses the full spectrum of medicine, including the use of surgery and medications in addition to manipulation to treat illnesses.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: History of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in the United States
1. | Visual |
2. | Auditory |
3. | Kinesthetic |
4. | Cognitive |
5. | Gustatory |
6. | Olfactory |
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
When using guided imagery, all five senses can be used to include visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, and olfactory. Cognitive is not one of the five senses.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Table 14-2 Incorporating All Five Senses into Guided Imagery
1. | Pathological |
2. | Socioeconomic |
3. | Situational |
4. | Treatment-related |
5. | Environmental |
6. | Maturational |
ANS: 1, 3, 4, 6
The nursing diagnosis of Disturbed Energy Field is defined as a disruption of the flow of energy which can be due to pathological, situational, treatment-related, or maturational factors. Socioeconomic and environmental factors do not disrupt the flow of energy.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Energy Therapies
Chapter 28Hypertension: Nursing Management
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. | It is a lifelong process. |
2. | It can be managed easily. |
3. | It is a short-term problem. |
4. | It happens only in the very poor and treatment is expensive. |
ANS: 1
Treatment of hypertension is a lifelong process. It requires lifestyle modification and occurs in all racial and economical groups. Hypertension can either be easy or difficult to manage.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Introduction
1. | greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. |
2. | greater than 90 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 60 mmHg. |
3. | greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure lower than 90 mmHg. |
4. | lower than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. |
ANS: 3
The likelihood of developing isolated systolic hypertension is greater with age and is confirmed with a systolic pressure greater than 140 mmHg while the diastolic pressure remains less than 90 mmHg.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Hypertension: Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
1. | Tobacco damages the lining of the artery walls. |
2. | Tobacco temporarily constricts blood vessels, increasing pulse and blood pressure. |
3. | Tobacco thins the blood and makes the person at risk for bleeding. |
4. | Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke replaces the oxygen in the blood, forcing the heart to work harder to supply oxygen. |
ANS: 3
Tobacco and smoking have been shown to increase heart rate and blood pressure because of vasoconstriction and the accumulation of plaque on the artery walls. Because of the replacement of oxygen with carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke, the heart has to work harder to supply oxygen to the organs. There is no evidence that smoking thins the blood and causes bleeding.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Hypertension: Modifiable Risk Factors
1. | 40 |
2. | 48 |
3. | 130 |
4. | 82 |
ANS: 2
The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure: 130 82 = 48. The other choices represent miscalculations or not understanding the correct way to calculate pulse pressure.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Hypertension: Pathophysiology
1. | nausea. |
2. | pain. |
3. | headache. |
4. | fear. |
ANS: 3
With very elevated blood pressure, headache is the most commonly reported symptom. Although pain and nausea may be reported, they are not the most common. Fear is not commonly associated with hypertension though it may occur with an onset of pain or nausea.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Hypertension: Assessment with Clinical Manifestations
1. | normal. |
2. | prehypertension. |
3. | stage 1 hypertension. |
4. | stage 2 hypertension. |
ANS: 2
Prehypertension is a new designation used to identify individuals at high risk for the development of hypertension. Systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139 and diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 90 are values for prehypertension. A normal blood pressure is less than or equal to 120 mmHg systolic and less than or equal to 80 mmHg diastolic. Stage 1 hypertension is a systolic blood pressure between 140 to 159 and a diastolic pressure between 90 to 99. Stage 2 hypertension is a systolic reading greater than or equal to 160 and a diastolic pressure of greater than or equal to 100 mmHg.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Table 28-6 JNC VII Classification of Blood Pressure in Adults
1. | Falsely low |
2. | Falsely high |
3. | Not clearly heard |
4. | More time consuming |
ANS: 2
The blood pressure cuff must be the appropriate size to get an accurate reading. A cuff that is too small could result in a falsely high reading. A blood pressure cuff that is too large could result in a falsely low reading. The cuff size may not affect the nurses ability to hear the blood pressure sounds. An incorrect blood pressure cuff size will not be more time consuming to use.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze
REF: Table 28-2 Factors Causing False Blood Pressure Readings
1. | Cold cuts |
2. | Bananas |
3. | Milk |
4. | Oatmeal |
ANS: 1
Cold cuts are processed meats that are usually high in sodium and may cause water retention and an increase in blood pressure. The rest of the foods really have no effect on blood pressure.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Hypertension: Planning and Implementation: Evidence-Based Care
1. | 500 mg a day. |
2. | 1000 mg a day. |
3. | 2500 mg a day. |
4. | 4500 mg a day. |
ANS: 1
A human body needs about 500 mg of sodium each day. The average intake of sodium for individuals in the United States is between 4000 to 6000 mg a day.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Hypertension: Planning and Implementation: Evidence-Based Care
1. | Sodium is used to enhance the flavor. |
2. | Sodium is used to emulsify the ice cream. |
3. | Sodium is used to prevent mold. |
4. | Sodium is used as a preservative. |
ANS: 2
Sodium is used in ice cream as an emulsifier. Sodium in canned or processed foods is used to enhance flavor. Sodium is used to prevent mold in cheese, breads, and cakes. Sodium is used as a preservative in cured meats and sausages.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Table 28-6 Sodium-Based Food Additives
1. | Regular exercise can lower the blood pressure by 5 to 10 mmHg. |
2. | Regular exercise must be done 7 days a week. |
3. | Regular exercise has to be done for at least 2 hours each day. |
4. | Regular exercise is the participation in aerobic activities. |
ANS: 1
Regular exercise can lower blood pressure by 5 to 10 mmHg. Regular exercise should be done 5 days a week for 60 minutes or 20 minutes of vigorous exercise at least 3 times a week to be effective. Regular exercise includes aerobic activity, flexibility, and strengthening exercises.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Hypertension: Planning and Implementation: Evidence-Based Care
1. | Hypokalemia |
2. | Hyperkalemia |
3. | Hyponatremia |
4. | Hypernatremia |
ANS: 2
Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Side effects include hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia and hyponatremia are side effects of the thiazide diuretics. Hypernatremia is not a known side effect of any antihypertensive medication.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Table 28-9 Pharmacologic Management of Hypertension
1. | Tachycardia |
2. | Constipation |
3. | Bizarre dreams |
4. | Persistent dry cough |
ANS: 4
One side effect of ACE inhibitors that is expected with this medication is a persistent dry cough. Tachycardia, constipation, and bizarre dreams are not side effects associated with ACE inhibitors.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply
REF: Table 28-9 Pharmacologic Management of Hypertension
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. | Age |
2. | Stress |
3. | Gender |
4. | Ethnicity |
5. | Regular exercise |
6. | Limits fat and salt in diet |
ANS: 1, 3, 4
Nonmodifiable risk factors are those thing we cannot change or control, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Stress, exercise, and diet are considered modifiable risk factors or those the client can control.
PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Hypertension: Risk Factors
1. | Smoking |
2. | Diet |
3. | Exercise |
4. | Family history |
5. | Race |
6. | Stress |
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 6
Modifiable risk factors can be changed or modified to help control hypertension. Smoking, diet, stress, and exercise can be changed to affect blood pressure. Persons with more risk factors have a greater chance of having hypertension during their lives. Family history and race cannot be modified.
PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Hypertension: Risk Factors
1. | Do you consume alcohol products? How much? How long? |
2. | Do you use nicotine products? How much? How long? |
3. | Do you experience nosebleeds? |
4. | Do you get hungry at night? |
5. | Do you experience cold sweats? |
6. | Do you experience headaches? |
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 6
The nurse will often ask the client
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