Experimental Psychology 7th Ed By Myers & Hansen Test Bank

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COMPLETE TEST BANK WITH ANSWERS

 

Experimental Psychology 7th Ed By Myers & Hansen Test Bank

 

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

 

Chapter 2

 

Research Ethics

Chapter Overview

 

Researchers carefully treat subjects who participate in their studies. Federal law regulates several aspects of psychological research, including the establishment of an institutional review board (IRB) and institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC).

 

An IRB evaluates proposed studies using human participants and determines whether they place subjects at risk. When a subject is more likely to be harmed by participating in a study than by not participating, an IRB performs a risk/benefit analysis to determine whether the study is justifiable. Federal statutes strongly influenced the American Psychological Associations (1992) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. APA standards for informed consent, full disclosure, deception, debriefing, anonymity, and confidentiality protect participants rights. Participants must be debriefed whenever an experiment involves deception.

 

An IACUC evaluates proposed studies to ensure that researchers have carefully researched alternatives to animal research and have decided to use a minimum number of animals. The amended Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and professional organizations, such as the AALAS and AAALAC, have contributed to uniform animal care standards and self-policing by the scientific community. Researchers must promote animal welfare whenever they use animal subjects. Despite allegations by critics of animal research, there is little evidence of animal abuse in psychological research. While some critics advocate animal rights, the position that all species are equally valued and have equal rights, most people support animal experimentation because of its contribution to human welfare.
Scientific fraud encompasses fabrication and falsification of data, and plagiarism, is unethical, and can result in severe personal and institutional consequences. There are diverse reasons for scientific fraud. Peer review, replication, and academic competition help control fraud. Plagiarism, representing someone elses work as your own, is a type of fraud. Researchers must credit others who contributed words or ideas to their work through citations. In ethical reports, those listed as report authors must have made important contributions to the research. Researchers may only republish previously published data if they cite the original publication where the data first appeared.
 

 

 

Chapter Outline

 

Research Ethics
The Evolution of Ethics in Research

The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Deception and Full Disclosure

Anonymity and Confidentiality

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

The Animal Rights Movement

Fraud in Science

Plagiarism
Ethical Reports
Summary
Key Terms
Review and Study Questions
Critical Thinking Exercise
Online Resources
 

 

Key Terms

 

Animal rights                                    Institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

Animal welfare                                 Institutional review board (IRB)
At risk                                                 Minimal risk

Debriefing                                         Plagiarism

Fraud                                                 Risk/benefit analysis

Informed Consent

 

Teaching Suggestions

 

Cengage Online Workshop Exercises

 

http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/workshops/res_methd/ethics/ethics_01.html

This Research Methods workshop deals specifically with ethical issues. After working through it, students should be able to answer the following:

List four ethical issues that are relevant to psychological research.

Give an example of a psychological risk one might encounter in an experiment.

What is an IRB?

What special considerations are there when an experiment involves deception?

How is anonymity in a study different from confidentiality?

 

http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/workshops/res_methd/debrief/debrief_1.html

This workshop discusses debriefing practices. After studying it, your students should be able to answer these questions:

Why is debriefing important?

What special debriefing issues are necessary when deception is involved?

Describe the elements of an effective and appropriate debriefing?

 

 

Additional Web Resources

 

http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

This is the full code of conduct of the American Psychological Association. Section 8 is of greatest relevance to researchers.

 

http://phrp.nihtraining.com/users/login.php

The National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research offers an online training program on Protecting Human Research Participants that does an excellent job explaining the need for and history of ethics in human research. The program is free, doesnt take more than an hour or two, and students get a certificate upon completion.

 

http://www.plagiarism.org/

This site bills itself as the worlds leading online plagiarism prevention resource. It is related to Turnitin.com, a site which scans submitted papers for plagiarism.

 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/

The National Archives and Records Administration lists on its website the Code of Federal Regulations. Going to this site and searching for protection of human subjects will lead you to the most up-to-date federal guidelines.

 

http://www.oakland.edu/?id=9074&sid=177

http://irb.truman.edu/

Listed above are IRB pages for Oakland University and Truman State University, the institutions at which your texts author and the authors of this manual teach. Your own institution likely has a webpage for IRB information that you can refer students to.

 

http://www.peta.org

Here is the website for the well-known animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.

 

Classroom/Homework Exercises

Animal Research

Table 2-1 in Chapter 2 lists several accusations made by animal rights activists that have been shown to be inaccurate. The following exercise complements the points made in this table and improves your students library skills as well. It will help your students if you identify in advance all of your librarys journals that deal with animal research.

 

Have each student identify a published article in which animals served as subjects. Ask them to list all of the ways in which the study observed the ethical guidelines for treatment of animals. To really make your point, challenge them to find a single instance of unethical behavior. This may lead to an interesting (and impassioned) discussion of what is/is not part of the greater good.

 

Fraud in Science

Ask your students to conduct a web search for scientific fraud and bring an example in to class the next day. My Google search netted over a million hits, so you may wish to limit them to stories that have some psychological relevance. Ask students to identify the motivations behind those found to be guilty of scientific fraud.

 

 

 

Handout 2-1: Risk/Benefit Analyses

 

A risk/benefit analysis is fairly easy to understand in theory, but fairly difficult to conduct in practice. Conduct a risk/benefit analysis on each of the following experiment proposals. Assume you are responsible for deciding whether or not to approve each experiment. You must justify each decision. Suggest ways to improve each proposal.

 

1) Mickey wants to study how food deprivation affects learning in mice. He believes that animals have a survival instinct to learn more quickly when food is scarce. He proposes an experiment in which mice are given only water for 1, 2, 5, or 10 days. He then plans to measure the speed with which they learn to navigate a complicated maze.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2) Barbara believes that people will shift from using paper towels to using electric air dryers in public restrooms if they are told about the amount of paper waste in landfills. She proposes a study in which a sign is posted in some bathrooms explaining the pollution problem, but is not posted in other bathrooms. She will use hidden videocameras to record peoples use of either the paper towel dispenser or electric air dryer in each of the two bathroom conditions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

3) Lucy believes that our self-image affects how we rate the appearance of others. She proposes an experiment in which participants rate the attractiveness of various models. Unbeknownst to the participants, a confederate will be loitering in the hallway outside the experiment room. As volunteers arrive for the experiment, the confederate will either compliment (you look nice in that outfit) or insult (that outfit makes you look fat) the participant. Lucy will then compare the model ratings from complimented and insulted participants.

 

 

Handout 2-2: Identifying Ethics Violations

 

Identify as many ethical violations as you can in the following scenario. Explain each of the violations you find.

 

Mark decided that participants in this study will not be at risk, and therefore, he didnt bother the IRB with his proposal. His study investigates the amount of discomfort people are willing to put up with in order to earn a large sum of money. He recruits students by posting ads about a contest in which you can earn $1000. Everyone who shows up is told that they must do whatever he tells them to do for the next several hours and that the last person to comply will earn the money. He then makes the participants eat disgusting food combinations, rub permanent markers on their own faces, and mail insulting messages to their professors. After two hours he stops the contest, informs everyone that it was actually an experiment, and explains that there is no prize money. Before participants leave, he gets them to sign an informed consent form to acknowledge that they were free to leave at any time.

Key to Review and Study Questions

 

1. Explain why IRBs are necessary and what their major functions are.

 

An IRB evaluates proposed human research studies before they are conducted.
The main responsibility of an IRB is to protect subject safety. An IRBs first task is
to determine whether a proposed study places subjects at risk. If an IRB decides
that participation in a study will increase the risk of subject injury, it must conduct a
risk/benefit analysis to determine whether risks to individuals are outweighed by
potential benefits or knowledge gained. An IRB also safeguards the rights of

subjects in at risk studies by ensuring that researchers obtain informed consent.

 

2. What is informed consent?

Informed consent means that a subject agrees to participate following a complete
explanation of the nature and purpose of a study. It is required for all human
research studies. Consent forms must be written in lay language at a reading level
subjects can understand. Researchers should verbally explain information that is
important for subjects. Subjects who agree to participate in a study should sign the
consent form and then receive a copy for their records.

The following aspects of informed consent are important in psychological research:

1. subjects must give their consent freely
2. subjects must be free to leave an experiment at any time
3. researchers must fully explain experimental procedures and answer any
   questions about them
4. researchers must explain potential risks and benefits
5. researchers must assure subjects that all data will remain private and confidential
6. subjects may not be asked to release the researchers from liability or to waive their legal rights in the case of negligence

 

How is it related to respect for persons in the Belmont Report?
Informed consent derives from the principle of respect for persons contained in the
1979 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Belmont Report. Respect for
persons means that individuals should be free to make their own decisions about
research participation and that we must provide extra protection for vulnerable
populations and persons with diminished capacity while respecting their
self-determination.

3.      When is it appropriate to use deception?

Deception is appropriate when it is an experimenters only means of testing an
experimental hypothesis.

When is it not appropriate?

APA Standard 6.15 (b) prohibits deception that would influence a subjects
decision to participate in the study.

How can the negative effects of deception be eliminated?

We can eliminate the negative effects of deception by thorough debriefing as
required by APA Standard 6.15 (c): Any other deception that is an integral feature
of the design and conduct of an experiment must be explained to participants as
early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later
than at the conclusion of the research.

4.      At the end of the semester, all students in a general psychology course are told
they will not receive credit for the course unless they take part in the instructors
research project. Students who refuse to participate are given Incompletes and
do not get credit for the course. How has the ethical principle of informed consent
been violated?

 

The instructors requirement is unethical because it constitutes coercion and
thereby violates three sections of APA Standard 6.11. The requirement violates
APA standard 6.11 (b) which requires that psychologists inform participants
that they are free to participate or to decline to participate. It violates APA
Standard 6.11 (c): When psychologists conduct research with individuals such
as students or subordinates, psychologists take special care to protect the
prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing
from participation. Finally, it violates APA Standard 6.11 (d): When research
participation is a course requirement or opportunity for extra credit, the
prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.

5. An experimenter studying the effects of stress gave subjects a series of maze
   problems to solve. The subjects were led to believe that the problems were all
   quite easy. In fact, several had no solution. Some of the subjects were visibly upset
   by their inability to solve the problems. At the end of the study, the experimenter
   did not explain the procedures. What ethical principles apply in this case?

 

The experimenter violated APA Standard 6.11 (c): they inform participants of
significant factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate
(such as risks, discomfort, adverse effects, or limitations in confidentiality, except
as provided in Standard 6.15, Deception in Research). The experimenter    violated APA Standard 6.15 (c): Any other deception that is an integral feature of
the design and conduct of an experiment must be explained to participants as early
as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at
the conclusion of the research.

Finally, the experimenter violated APA Standard 6.15 (b): Psychologists never
deceive research participants about significant aspects that would affect their
willingness to participate, such as physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant
emotional experiences.

What should the experimenter have done?

 

The experimenter should have warned subjects about the difficulty and potential stress of the maze problems, and should have immediately debriefed them after they completed the study.

6. In a questionnaire study of sexual attitudes, a student experimenter finds that Pat,
   a friends spouse, has responded yes to the question, Have you ever had an
   extramarital affair? The student is sure that the friend is unaware of Pats
   behavior. The student decides to show Pats answers to the friend. What ethical
   principles have been violated?

 

The student experimenter failed to maintain anonymity (subject names were on
data sheets) and confidentiality (the security of the data was violated).

How could this situation have been avoided?

 

The experimenter should have coded data sheets so that Pats answers remained
anonymous. Furthermore, the experimenter should not have shared experimental
data with a friend.

7,      What ethical principles apply when we propose and conduct research with
animals?

 

APA Standard 6.20 outlines the requirements for ethical animal research.
Researchers must protect animal welfare whenever they use animal subjects.
These guidelines concern:

1. humane treatment of animal subjects
2. compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and relevant professional standards
3. training of all individuals using animals in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used
4. staff competence to fulfill their responsibilities and activities
5. minimizing the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects
6. subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when there are no satisfactory alternatives and the animals distress is justified by the studys potential value
7. use of anesthesia during surgery and techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain
8. termination of an animals life using an accepted, rapid method that minimizes pain

 

8. What is the difference between animal welfare and animal rights?

   Animal welfare is the humane care and treatment of animals, which is regulated by
   federal and state statutes and the ethical standards of professional organizations.
   Animal rights is the idea that all sensate species, especially those that feel pain,
   are of equal value to humans and should have the same subject rights as humans.

   9.      To study the effect of a new drug to reduce depression, researchers must sacrifice
   animal subjects and dissect their brains. Discuss the ethical pros and cons of this
   line of research.

APA Standard 6.20 defines the ethical standards for animal research. An
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) must first determine that
there are no satisfactory alternatives to animal experimentation and that the
number of animals used in the study has been minimized. An IACUC would
approve the study if it promises to contribute to mental health and follows APA
guidelines for the humane termination of an animals life.
This question implies the broader philosophical question of whether animals should
be sacrificed for the sake of human welfare. Students are likely to endorse
divergent positions as they grapple with the issue of animal rights. In this context,
the pros are that animal research is indispensable in psychopharmacological
research, can help save human lives, and can improve depressed patients quality
of life. The con is that the lives of members of a sensate species will be sacrificed.

10.    What is fraud?

 

Fraud includes falsifying or fabricating data, and plagiarism.

 

Describe the external pressures that can produce fraud.

 

Competition in academic psychology may be a primary cause of fraud.
Researchers frequently compete for tenure, promotion, departmental resources,
and grant funds based on their publication records. The pressure is most intense in
publish or perish institutions and for individuals who have experienced a series of
research setbacks.
Describe the safeguards that keep it in check.

 

Peer review is the first safeguard since reviewers closely scrutinize submitted

manuscripts and are likely to detect suspect findings. Replication is the second
safeguard, since fraudulent findings are not likely to be replicated. Finally,
academic competition for scarce resources like grants increases vigilance against

fraud by colleagues in a specialty area.

 

What are the possible penalties for scientific misconduct?

 

The penalties for scientific misconduct depend on the offense and who determines
guilt and punishment. Penalties imposed by a university could range from a
reprimand to firing, while criminal court penalties could be as severe as
imprisonment. An institutions reputation could be harmed by a researchers
misconduct and it could be forced to return funds or prevented from receiving
future grant funds.

11.    Lee had put off doing a lab report until the end of the term. He was badly pressed
for time. His roommate said, No problem. I took that course last year. You can use
my report. Just put your name on it. Lee decides it is all right to use the paper
since he has the authors consent. Is this ethical according to the APA? Why or
why not?

 

No. Lee committed plagiarism since he misrepresented his roommates work as
his own. His roommates encouragement only made him complicit in Lees
misconduct.

 

 

 

Test Questions

Multiple Choice

1. (F) Introduction
   Although scientists bring their own values, ethics, morals, and sense of right
   and wrong to their work, science is commonly perceived as

*                 a.   amoral.

1. immoral.
2. moral.
3. unethical.

 

 

2. (C) Introduction

From a scientific perspective, facts discovered through science are

1. ethical.
2. immoral.
3. moral.

*                 d.   neither moral nor immoral.
 

3. (C) Research Ethics

Research ethics

1. apply only to research with human subjects.
2. are value neutral.

*                 c.   articulate scientists sense of right and wrong.

1. must be weighed against the benefits of research.
2. (F) Research Ethics

Which of these must be established by institutions engaging in research with
human subjects?
a.   human research review committee

1. institutional animal care and use committee

*                 c.   institutional review board

1. subjects use committee

 

 

5. (A) Research Ethics

Samantha has developed an original research proposal. Since her
psychology experiment involves human subjects, she will have to submit it to
the campus

1. human research review committee.
2. institutional animal care and use committee.

*                 c.   institutional review board.

1. subjects use committee.

 

6. (F) Research Ethics

A researcher could be sued for damages if an experiment injured a subject
and the injury was

1. accidental.
2. intentional.
3. psychological.

*                 d.   accidental, intentional, or psychological.
 

 

 

7. (F) Research Ethics

Federal law requires that an institutional review board be comprised of
a.   laypeople.

1. researchers.
2. subjects.

*                 d.   both laypeople and researchers.
 

8. (F) Research Ethics

The primary concern of an institutional review board is to

1. determine whether deception is necessary.
2. determine whether informed consent will be obtained.

*                 c.   ensure that the safety of research participants is adequately protected.

1. evaluate the scientific merit of a proposed study.

 

9. (A) Research Ethics

Which human experiment could not be justified, regardless of the knowledge
that might be gained?

1. studying the effectiveness of subliminal advertising on product recognition

*                 b.   studying the effectiveness of a drug that produces complete muscular
paralysis in treating alcohol addiction

1. studying the effect of mild sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
2. studying the effect of shift rotation schedules on employee absenteeism

 

 

10. (F) Research Ethics

The first task of a board reviewing human subject research is to decide
whether

1. deception is necessary.
2. human subjects are necessary.
3. informed consent will be obtained.
   *                 d.   the proposed study places subjects at risk.

 

 

11. (F) Research Ethics
    Under Federal law, subject at risk means that an individual may be exposed
    to the possibility of ____ injury.
12. physical
13. psychological
14. social

*                 d.   physical, psychological, or social

 

 

 

 

12. (C) Research Ethics

Which statement about at risk studies is correct?
a.   panels should always approve these studies as long as researchers obtain
informed consent

1. panels should reject these studies due to possible subject injury
2. panels should require that researchers revise these studies until risks are
   eliminated

*                 d.   panels should only approve these studies if potential benefits outweigh
risks to subjects

13. (F) Research Ethics

When a panel determines whether the potential benefits of a study outweigh
risks to subjects, they are performing a

*                 a.   risk/benefit analysis.

1. risk determination.
2. subject risk assessment.
3. survival analysis.
4. (F) Research Ethics

IRBs perform a risk/benefit analysis for ____ studies.

1. all studies involving animal and human subjects

*                 b.   at risk studies

1. minimal risk studies
2. at risk and minimal risk studies

 

15. (A) Research Ethics

Select the study that would be most likely to place subjects at risk.

1. a study of whether talking on cell phones increases driving simulator
   errors
2. a study of whether classical music improves working memory

*                 c.   a study of whether exposure to violent pornography increases male
acceptance of the rape myth

1. a study of whether a person in a wheelchair will receive more assistance
   on campus than in a shopping mall

 

16. (F) Ethics Research
    The law generally does not require ____ to establish an IRB.
    a.   K-12 public school systems
    b.   private organizations
    c.   private clinics
    *                d.  any of these

    17. (F)       Research Ethics
    Whom do commercial IRBs mainly serve?
    a.   universities
    b.   non-profit organizations

*                 c.   pharmaceutical companies
d.   public school systems

18. (F) Research Ethics

Informed consent must be obtained
a.   if an institutional review board recommends it.

*                 b.   in all at risk psychological studies using human subjects .

1. only in experiments that use deception.
2. only in research funded by Federal grants.

 

19. (C) Research Ethics
    Rosenthal has argued that poorly designed research can be unethical
    because
    a.   it diverts student, teacher, and administrator time from potentially more
    beneficial educational experiences.
    b.   poorly designed research can lead to unwarranted and inaccurate
    conclusions that may harm society.
    c.   poor-quality science diverts finite time and money from better-quality
    research.
    *                 d.   all of these

 

20. (F) Research Ethics

Informed consent means that

1. subjects agree to allow the experimenter to use their data for approved
   purposes.

*                 b.   subjects agree to participate in a study after receiving complete
information about the nature and purpose of the study.

1. subjects agree to participate in a study after receiving complete.
   information about the nature, purpose, and hypothesis of the study.
2. the institutional review board has agreed to allow the researcher to recruit
   subjects for an approved experiment.

 

 

21. (F) Research Ethics
    In Manns study of informed consent, fewer than ____ of the subjects
    understood the procedures or how injuries would be treated.
    a.   25%
    b.   35%

*                 c.   50%
d.   75%

22. (F) Research Ethics
    The Tuskegee syphilis study violated the principle of justice because
    researchers
    a.   infected the subjects with syphilis.
    b.   treated the subjects with unconventional medical treatments.
    c.   quarantined subjects against their will.

*                 d.   withheld penicillin treatment from poor, rural black men, but not from
their wealthy, urban white counterparts.

 

 

23. (C) Research Ethics
    Researchers who follow the Belmont reports principle of justice do not select
    subjects simply because they are
    a.   disadvantaged.
    b.   readily available.
    c.   easily manipulated.

*                 d.   all of these
 

24. (F) Research Ethics
    In which of these might informed consent be unnecessary but desirable?
    a.   observation of couples public displays of affection
25.    anonymous questionnaires about academic dishonesty
26. some archival studies

*                 d.   all of these
 

25. (F) Research Ethics

Who paralyzed subjects using Scoline in a classical conditioning study
that predated modern ethical guidelines for research?

1. Bramel
   *                 b.   Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
2. Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
3. Milgram

 

 

26. (C) Research Ethics

Why would an IRB reject the Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty (1964) study
if it were proposed today?

1. debriefing may not have corrected the harmful effects of false heart rate
   feedback
   b.   subjects were deceived about whether they were administering dangerous
   electric shocks

*                 c.   subjects were paralyzed and believed they were dying

1. subjects were provoked by a confederate

 

 

27. (F) Research Ethics

All of these are aspects of informed consent except

*                 a.   if the subject is a minor or impaired, consent must be obtained from a
judge.

1. informed consent must be given without the use of force, duress, or
   coercion.
2. researchers must give subjects a full explanation of the procedures to be
   followed.
3. researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the
   experiment.

 

 

28. (F) Research Ethics

All of these are aspects of informed consent except

1. informed consent must be given without the use of force, duress, or
   coercion.
   *                 b.   a researcher may ask subjects to waive their legal rights in the case of
   negligence and to release the researcher from liability.
   c.   researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the
   experiment.
2. researchers must provide assurances that all data will remain private and
   confidential.

 

 

29. (A) Research Ethics

After an experimenter explained Alexs rights as a subject and the potential
risks and benefits of participating in the research study, Alex signed a form
containing this information. These steps are essential elements of

1. anonymity.
2. confidentiality.
3. debriefing.

*                 d.   informed consent.

30. (F) Research Ethics

Which of these statements describes informed consent?

1. consent forms should be written in lay language at the subjects reading
   level
2. consent should be obtained in writing
3. subjects should receive a copy of the consent form to keep

*                 d.   all of these
 

31. (F) Research Ethics

Experimenters should obtain informed consent

1. after each subject completes the experiment.
2. after the experiment is concluded.

*                 c.   in writing.

1. through verbal agreement .

 

 

32. (F) Research Ethics
    Manns (1994) study of subject comprehension of consent forms showed that
    most participants
    a.   believed they had given up their right to sue.
    b.   did not remember the provisions of the form they had signed .
    c.   did not understand the procedures designed to protect them in case of
    injury.
    *                 d.   all of these
33. (F) Research Ethics

Which conclusion should be drawn from Manns (1994) study of informed
consent?

1. allowing subjects to read and sign an informed consent form ensures that
   most subjects will understand what they are signing
2. most subjects understand research procedures outlined in the informed
   consent form
3. most subjects understand that they do not give up their rights by signing
   an informed consent form

*                 d.   researchers need to verbally reinforce information contained in an
informed consent form

 

 

 

34. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The ____ publishes the code of ethical principles that apply to
psychologists and students who conduct research.

1. American Association for the Advancement of Science
2. American Psychiatric Association

*                 c.   American Psychological Association

1. Psychonomic Society

 

 

35. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

When a researcher has questions about research ethics, she should
a.   design another experiment.

*                 b.   seek advice from an IRB or colleagues and employ all possible
safeguards to protect research subjects.

1. seek approval to conduct the experiment from the American Psychological
   Association.
2. use her own best judgment as to whether to proceed with the experiment.

 

 

36. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Final responsibility for conducting ethical research rests with the

1. American Psychological Association.
2. institutional review board.
3. person who actually collects the experimental data.

*                 d.   principal researcher.

 

37. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

In some studies, subjects may be considered to be at minimal risk. This
means that

1. fewer than 10% of the subjects are likely to be injured.

*                 b.   participation does not alter the participants odds of being harmed.

1. the researcher does not have to obtain informed consent.
2. the risk is psychological instead of physical.

 

38. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

All of these could be minimal-risk studies except

*                 a.   a study of how amphetamine affects long-term memory.

1. a study of the frequency of texting in a library.
2. a study of the seating patterns of specific ethnic groups in a dormitory
   cafeteria.
3. an anonymous questionnaire regarding personal preference for wearing
   boxers or briefs.

 

 

39. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

According to Sieber and colleagues, in 1992 some form of deception was

used in ___ of studies published in the Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology.

1. 15%
2. 25%

*                 c.   47%

1. 65%

 

 

40. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

In a study of obedience by ____, subjects were deceived about whether
they were administering dangerous shocks to learners.

1. Brady
   b.   Bramel
2. Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod

*                 d.   Milgram

 

 

41. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

In a study of negative ions and aggression by _____, a student accomplice
of the experimenter provoked half of the subjects with scripted nasty
comments.

*                 a.   Baron, Russell, and Arms

1. Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
2. Mann
   d.   Milgram

 

 

42. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

In psychological research, a confederate

1. analyzes experimental data.
2. collects data for the experimenter.
   *                 c.   helps deceive research subjects.
3. runs subjects for the experimenter.

 

43. (A) The American Psychological Association

Dawn is studying attitudes about using morning after contraceptives. She is
afraid that if she reveals her experimental hypothesis, she will distort subject
responses. If she withholds information about this study, she must be sure
that

1. she extensively debriefs subjects at the end of the experiment.
2. she obtains informed consent from the subjects.
3. subjects can withdraw from the experiment at any time.

*                 d.   the information withheld will not affect the subjects decision to participate.

44. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

According to Christensens (1988) review of subject attitudes towards
deception, most subjects

1. believe that deception studies can be personally harmful.

*                 b.   consider deception studies more beneficial than nondeception studies.

1. consider nondeception studies more enjoyable than deception studies.
2. consider deception studies and nondeception studies equally enjoyable
   and beneficial.

 

45. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

All of these statements describe Christensens (1988) findings on subject
attitudes towards deception except

1. most subjects believe that deception studies are more beneficial than
   nondeception studies.
2. most subjects find deception studies more enjoyable than nondeception
   studies.

*                 c.   most subjects believe that deception studies can be personally harmful.

1. most subjects do not mind being misled.

 

 

46. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The guideline concerning ____ may be violated whenever deception is used
in a psychological experiment.

1. anonymity of subject information
2. confidentiality of subject information

*                 c.   informed consent

1. subject debriefing

 

 

47. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Deliberate deception may be acceptable in a psychology experiment if
a.   researchers obtain informed consent.

1. subjects are allowed to withdraw at any time.
2. subjects are at least 18 years old.

*                 d.   the experimental hypothesis cannot be tested without misleading research
subjects.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

If researchers intentionally mislead subjects in an experiment, ethical
guidelines require that deception be limited to the studys

1. potential benefits.
2. potential risks.
   c.   potential risks and benefits.
   *                 d.   purpose and procedure.
3. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The term, ____, refers to a researchers responsibility to explain the
nature and purpose of a study to subjects at the end of an experiment.

1. confidentiality

*                 b.   debriefing
c.   interrogation

1. nondisclosure
2. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Full disclosure, by completely debriefing subjects at the end of an experiment,
is required whenever psychology experiments

1. collect personally-sensitive information.

*                 b.   employ deception.

1. place subjects at risk.
2. use human subjects.

 

 

51. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

After Rebecca participated in a psychology experiment, the researcher
explained the studys nature and purpose to her. This procedure is called
a.   confidentiality.

*                 b.   debriefing.
c.   interrogation.

1. nondisclosure.

2. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The most serious ethical problem in debriefing subjects in a psychology
study is whether

1. debriefing might damage subject self-esteem when they learn that they
   were easily deceived.

*                 b.   debriefing will reverse all of an experiments negative effects.

1. researchers should ask subjects if they were deceived           by the
   experimental procedure.
   d.   subjects will reveal the true purpose of a study to prospective subjects.

 

53. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Male subjects received false heart rate feedback about their sexual arousal in
the study by

1. Baron, Russell, and Arms.
   *                 b.   Bramel.
2. Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod.
3. Milgram.

 

 

54. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The most critical ethical problem in the Bramel (1963) study on projection was
that

*                 a.   full disclosure may not have reversed the effects of false feedback.

1. male subjects may have been uncomfortable viewing photographs of nude
   males.
2. researchers did not obtain informed consent.
3. researchers did not provide complete disclosure.

 

 

55. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

What was the deception in the Bramel (1963) study?

1. subjects believed that the confederate who insulted them was another
   subject
2. subjects believed that they administered painful shocks to the learners
3. subjects believed that they administered unpleasant bursts of heat
   to the learners

*                 d.   subjects believed that they received heart rate feedback about their
sexual arousal to pictures of nude males

56. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Puck returned from an experiment looking slightly betrayed. He cornered his
roommate and said, You know that study with hot pictures you told me to

sign up for? Those photos werent from the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue.
In which study might Marty have participated?

1. Baron, Russell, and Arms
   *                 b.   Bramel
2. Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
3. Milgram

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Which pair of studies raised the concern that simple debriefing may not
reverse the negative effects of an experiment?

1. Baron, Russell, and Arms; Christensen

*                 b.   Bramel; Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod

1. Mann; Milgram
2. Milgram; Baron, Russell, and Arms

 

 

58. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

The ____ study showed that when male undergraduates are exposed
to high levels of violent pornography in a psychology experiment, they
become more accepting of the rape myth than nonexposed men.

1. Baron, Russell, and Arms
   b.   Bramel

*                 c.   Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod

1. Milgram

 

 

59. (C) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

A critical finding of the Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod (1987) study of the
effects of violent pornography on male undergraduates was that

1. exposure to high levels of violent pornography did not affect acceptance
   of the rape myth.
2. exposure to high levels of violent pornography briefly increased
   acceptance of the rape myth.

*                 c.   extensive debriefing was required to counter the harmful beliefs created
by the films.

1. simple debriefing at the end of the experiment corrected the harmful
   beliefs created by the films.

 

60. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Katie was shocked by the sudden transformation of her boyfriend Jay. After
participating in a single experiment involving violent pornography, roommates
overheard him making outrageous statements like, Women really want to be
raped, and Id rape a woman in a second if I knew that I would never be
caught. In which study might Jay have participated?

1. Baron, Russell, and Arms
   b.   Bramel

*                 c.   Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod

1. Milgram

 

61. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines
    What did Misra (1992) recommend that researchers provide following
    participation in a deception study?
    *                 a.   education about the persistence of false beliefs
    b.   extensive postexperimental debriefing
    c.   simple postexperimental debriefing
    d.  stronger safeguards to protect subject anonymity
62. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Researchers identify subjects by code numbers and report group data to
maintain

*                 a.   anonymity.

1. confidentiality.
2. informed consent.
3. subject safety.

 

63. (A) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Dr. Breault reprimanded students in her Psychological Research class after
she discovered data sheets containing subject names and personality test
scores. Her students failed to protect

*                 a.   anonymity.

1. confidentiality.
2. informed consent.
3. subject safety.

 

64. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Researchers securely store experimental data and only use this information
for purposes explained to the subjects to ensure

1. anonymity.

*                 b.   confidentiality.

1. informed consent.
2. subject safety.

 

 

65. (F) The American Psychological Association Guidelines

Which steps should an experimenter take to protect confidentiality?

1. use discretion when sharing data with colleagues
   b.   store data in a secure place
2. only use data for purposes explained to the subjects

*                 d.   all of these

 

66. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

Which of the following is required by institutions engaged in animal research?

1. committee on animal research ethics (CARE)
2. laboratory animal oversight committee (LAOC)

*                 c.   institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

1. institutional review board (IRB)

 

67. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

The ____ regulates the care and treatment of animals in research.

*                 a.   Animal Welfare Act

1. Biomedical Research Act
2. Laboratory Animal Care Act
3. Protection of Laboratory Animals Act

 

68. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

An institutional animal care and use committee must decide that ____

before it approves animal experimentation.

1. harm to animals will be outweighed by potential gains in knowledge
2. the researcher has provided adequate facilities and veterinary care
3. the study will not place animals at risk

*                 d.   there are no alternatives to animal experimentation

 

69. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

Which professional organizations monitor and inform the scientific
community about the humane use and care of animals for research?

*                 a.   AALAS and AAALAC

1. AAALAC and IACUC
2. CARE and AALAS
3. NIMH and CARE

 

 

70. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

The 1991 revision of the Animal Welfare Act

1. prohibits painful shock to primates.
2. prohibits surgical procedures on primates.

*                 c.   requires that primates be housed with other members of their species.

1. specifies the appropriate species to be used in specific investigations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

71. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

Which of the following raised ethical concerns about Bradys (1958) research

with rhesus monkeys?

1. animals were deprived of food and water for more than 23 hours
2. animals received long-duration, high-intensity shocks
3. primates could not move their heads and limbs

*                 d.   some animals were kept in restraining chairs for as long as 6 months

 

72. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

Which study exposed rhesus monkeys to alternating 6-hour periods of shock
avoidance and rest?

*                 a.   Brady

1. Coile and Miller
2. Milgram
3. Singer

 

 

73. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

APA ethical guidelines require that the termination of an animals life should
be

*                 a.   completed rapidly and with minimal pain.

1. done immediately after an experiment.
2. only considered when an animal is suffering.
3. only performed by a veterinarian.

 

 

74. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects

Coile and Millers (1984) review of articles reporting animal research in major
psychology journals between 1979 and 1983 found that

1. many studies seemed to be motivated by idle curiosity.
2. over 25% of the articles reported deprivation of food and water for over 24
   hours.
3. over 30% of the articles reported using intense, repeated, electric shock.

*                 d.   the allegations of extreme critics were not supported.

 

 

75. (F) Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects
    ____ paralyzed a single monkey limb to demonstrate that they could be
    trained to reuse the limb and regrow functional sensory connections. This has
    resulted powerful new therapeutic techniques for treating human paralysis.
    a.   Brady
    b.   Miller
    c.   Singer
    *                d.   Taub
76. (F) Fraud in Science

All of these are examples of fraud except

1. fabricating data.
2. falsifying data.
3. plagiarism.

*               

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