Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 3rd Edition by Lauralee Sherwood Test Bank
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Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 3rd Edition by Lauralee Sherwood Test Bank
chapter_2
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. |
1. Secretory vesicles are about 200 times larger than transport vesicles.
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2. Sheets of epithelial cells are joined by gap junctions.
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3. The stronger the stimulus, the greater the frequency of action potentials generated in a neuron.
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4. Temporal summation occurs when EPSPs from several different excitatory presynaptic inputs occur simultaneously.
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5. When equilibrium is achieved and no net diffusion is taking place, there is no movement of molecules.
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6. Action potentials can be summed.
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7. Action potentials are initiated at the axon hillock region because it has the lowest threshold voltage.
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8. The period of time following an action potential during which a membrane cannot be restimulated, no matter how strong the stimulus, is known as the subminimal response period.
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9. If a concentration or electrical gradient is present for a given substance, the substance will always passively permeate the membrane.
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10. A postsynaptic neuron can either excite or inhibit a presynaptic neuron.
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11. Carrier molecules always require energy to accomplish transport of a substance across the membrane.
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12. The cytosol is the gel-like mass of the cytoplasm.
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13. Presynaptic neurons converging upon a postsynaptic cell will be either all excitatory or all inhibitory.
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14. According to the Nernst equation, the equilibrium potential for a given ion decreases as the difference in concentration of the ion outside and inside the cell increases.
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15. A given synapse may produce EPSPs at one time and IPSPs at another time.
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16. The only means by which an extracellular chemical messenger can bring about a desired intracellular response is to activate a second messenger system.
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17. Pinocytosis, or cell drinking, refers to the process of a cell engulfing a large, solid particle and bringing it into the contents of the cell.
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18. According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, the plasma membrane consists primarily of a bilayer of mobile phospholipid molecules studded with an ever-changing mosaic pattern of proteins.
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19. Net sodium movement into the cell occurs passively, whereas net sodium movement out of the cell occurs actively.
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20. All cell organelles are renewable.
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21. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.
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22. Schwann cells promote axonal growth, while oligodendrocytes inhibit it.
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23. The large protein anion does not leave the cell because there is no concentration or electrical gradient to drive it outward.
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24. Phosphorylation of a carrier can alter the affinity of its binding sites, accompanied by a change in its conformation.
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25. The equilibrium potential for K+ is less than the resting membrane potential.
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26. Dynein is a mitochondrial enzyme.
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27. The predominant cation in the intracellular fluid is calcium.
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28. Coated vesicles enclose a representative mixture of proteins present in the Golgi sac before budding off.
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29. Myelinated fibres in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems are capable of regenerating when cut.
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30. The sodiumpotassium pump indirectly offers the energy source for glucose transport across intestinal cells.
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31. Lack of aerobic exercise can have negative health implications, such as heart disease and high blood pressure.
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32. The endoplasmic reticulum is one continuous organelle consisting of many tubules and cisternae.
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33. During the relative refractory period, a neuron is completely refractory.
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34. Endocytosis can be accomplished by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
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35. The nucleus indirectly governs most cellular activities by directing the kinds and amounts of various enzymes and other proteins that are produced by the cell.
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36. Gap junctions play an important role in transmission of impulses for heart contraction.
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37. A high percentage of sodium and potassium ions move during each action potential.
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38. The grand postsynaptic potential depends on the sum of activity of the presynaptic inputs.
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39. The refractory period limits the frequency of action potentials.
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40. The axon hillock occurs between the cell body and the axon of a neuron.
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41. Anions tend to move toward a negatively charged area.
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42. The carrier molecule actually moves from side to side through the membrane as it transports material across.
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43. In the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids orient toward the centre of the membrane, away from water.
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44. The lysosomes are one site of protein synthesis.
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45. The myelin on a myelinated fibre in the peripheral nervous system consists of Schwann cells wrapped around the axon.
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46. The passive current flow of a graded potential fades quickly.
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47. Facilitated diffusion is passive and does not require energy.
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48. Most of the membrane potential of the plasma membrane is established by the active transport of sodium and potassium ions.
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49. Mitochondria are presumed to be descendants of primitive bacterial cells.
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50. During the resting potential, many potassium channels are open in the plasma membrane.
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51. Fibronectin is the extracellular matrix component that provides tensile strength.
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52. The myelin covering the axon promotes the leakage of ions from the neuron.
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53. In a graded potential, the direction of current flow is designated by the movement of positive charges.
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54. Osmosis does not occur if the concentration gradients for water and solutes are absent in a system.
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55. The only way in which a neurotransmitter-receptor combination can influence the postsynaptic cell is to directly alter its permeability to specific ions.
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56. One chemical messenger molecule can ultimately induce the production of millions of molecules of a secretory product by a cell.
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57. During conduction by local current flow, current flows locally between the active and the adjacent inactive area of the cell membrane, thereby decreasing the potential in the inactive area to threshold.
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58. At resting potential, the outside of the cell is negative compared to the intracellular fluid.
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59. The Na+ and K+ channels that open and close during an action potential are voltage-gated channels.
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60. At resting membrane potential, no ionic fluxes are taking place across the membrane.
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61. Rough ER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.
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62. The nerve fibre is another name for the nucleus of a neuron.
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63. Glycolysis generates ATP from glucose with high efficiency.
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64. Cations are attracted to a more positively charged area along an electrical gradient.
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65. The synapse is a specialized part of a neuron.
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66. Neuropeptides are mainly neuromodulators.
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67. Spatial summation involves only one neuron influencing one other neuron.
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68. Under an electron microscope, the plasma membrane appears as a trilaminar structure consisting of two dark layers separated by a light middle layer.
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69. Cilia in the respiratory tract beat in the same direction to sweep inspired particles up and out of the airways.
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70. DNAs genetic code is transcribed into messenger RNA.
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71. Increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to Cl lessens the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell will undergo an action potential because the membrane potential is moved farther away from threshold.
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72. The refractory period prevents action potentials from spreading back over the part of the membrane where the impulse has just passed.
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73. At the equilibrium potential for K+, the concentration and electrical gradients for K+ are in opposition to each other and exactly balance each other so there is no net movement of K+.
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74. After an action potential has occurred, there is more Na+ inside the cell than outside the cell (before any Na+K+ pump activity has taken place).
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75. The protective, waterproof outer layer of skin is formed by the tough skeleton of the microtrabecular lattice that persists after the surface skin cells die.
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76. A single neuron may be presynaptic to one group of neurons and postsynaptic to another group of neurons.
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77. The smooth ER specializes in protein metabolism.
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78. The surface carbohydrates within the plasma membrane serve as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which cells use to grip one another and surrounding connective tissue fibres.
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79. Proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum become permanently separated from the cytosol as soon as they have been synthesized.
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80. Along a neuron, an action potential normally travels from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon.
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81. Action potentials may result from hyperpolarization or depolarization.
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82. Oxygen enters the blood from the lungs by net diffusion.
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83. In the plasma membrane, the polar ends of the phospholipid molecules are hydrophilic.
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84. In secondary active transport, energy is required directly by the carrier to move a substance uphill against a concentration gradient.
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85. Threshold potential is the peak potential achieved during an action potential.
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86. Because a solution of lower solute concentration has a higher concentration of water, it exerts a lower osmotic pressure than does a solution with a higher solute concentration.
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87. Secretory vesicles are released to the exterior of the cell by means of the process of phagocytosis.
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88. One extracellular messenger molecule can ultimately influence the activity of only one protein molecule within the cell.
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89. At resting membrane potential, passive and active forces exactly balance each other so there is no net movement of ions across the membrane.
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90. Movement of K+ into the cell requires energy expenditure, whereas movement of Na+ into the cell does not.
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91. Oligodendrocytes form a regeneration tube to guide a regenerating nerve fibre to its proper destination.
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92. Oxidative phosphorylation generates the most ATP per glucose molecule.
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93. A single synaptic knob contains two different transmittersone that produces EPSPs and one that produces IPSPs.
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94. For graded potentials, the magnitude of triggering is coded for in frequency rather than amplitude of depolarizations.
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95. The diffusion of potassium ions re-establishes the resting membrane potential in a neuron immediately after it develops an action potential.
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96. The two dark lines in the trilaminar appearance of the plasma membrane are believed to be caused by the preferential staining of the hydrophilic polar regions of the membrane constituents.
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97. If two similar molecules can both combine with the same carrier, the presence of one of these molecules decreases the rate of entry of the other.
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98. All molecules greater than 0.8 nm in diameter are unable to penetrate the plasma membrane unless there is a carrier for the molecule.
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99. Amoeboid movement is accomplished by transitions of the cytosol between a gel and a solid state as a result of alternate assembly and disassembly, respectively, of actin filaments.
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100. Most intermediary metabolism is accomplished in the cytosol.
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101. Neurotransmitters do not always bind to receptors attached to ion channels.
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102. During the absolute refractory period, the Na+ gates are not capable of opening again in response to another triggering event.
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103. The release of a chemical messenger at the synapse immediately stimulates potassium permeability in the postsynaptic neuron.
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104. Movement of potassium into cells always requires energy expenditure.
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105. A first messenger is an intracellular chemical messenger that triggers a preprogrammed series of biochemical events within a cell to bring about a desired response.
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106. Nerve and muscle cells establish resting membrane potentials.
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107. Because of the presence of tight junctions, passage of materials across an epithelial barrier must take place between the cells, not through them.
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108. The peroxisomes mainly generate hydrogen peroxide.
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109. In active transport, ATP energy is used in the phosphorylationdephosphorylation cycle of the carrier.
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110. Hockey is a winter sport that uses only an aerobic energy supply.
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111. Cytokinesis is the division of the nucleus during mitosis.
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112. The conduction velocity of a nerve impulse is slower in myelinated fibres than in unmyelinated fibres because myelin acts as an insulator that slows the flow of current.
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113. The Golgi complex is connected functionally to the ER.
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114. Electron microscopes are about 100 times more powerful than light microscopes.
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115. The summation of all IPSPs and EPSPs determines whether a postsynaptic neuron will fire.
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116. ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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117. Gap junctions function as channels between cells.
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118. The extracellular matrix and the local cells that secrete it are collectively known as connective tissue.
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119. Divergence refers to the neuronal arrangement wherein the dendrites diverge to synapse with as many presynaptic inputs as possible.
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120. The nodes of Ranvier are formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes that wrap themselves jelly roll fashion around the axon.
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121. An unmyelinated fibre with a large diameter can conduct action potentials more rapidly than an unmyelinated fibre with a smaller diameter.
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122. DNA in the nucleus has the genetic instructions to make enzymatic proteins.
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123. The dendrites of a presynaptic neuron directly signal the axon of a postsynaptic neuron.
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124. The primary barrier to passage of water-soluble substances across the plasma membrane is the outer layer of carbohydrates.
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125. A balance of IPSPs and EPSPs will negate each other so that the grand postsynaptic potential is essentially unaltered.
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126. A spike is another name for the axon of a neuron.
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127. A stronger stimulus above threshold produces a greater action potential in a neuron.
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128. Pinocytosis refers to the process of a cell engulfing a large, multimolecular particle and bringing the particle into the contents of the cell.
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129. Classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are sometimes cosecreted from the same axon terminal.
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130. A stimulus that is too weak to depolarize the membrane to threshold produces an action potential smaller than normal.
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131. The carbohydrate found in plasma membranes is believed to be involved in the aggregation of cells to form tissue.
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132. Sodium and potassium ions are highly soluble in lipids.
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133. The hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane blocks the passage of water-soluble substances.
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134. Anions are attracted toward a more positively charged area along an electrical gradient.
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135. Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis used for bringing in extracellular fluids.
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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
136. Select the substance that promotes cell adhesion.
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a. |
calmodulin |
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b. |
collagen |
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c. |
elastin |
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d. |
fibronectin |
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137. Which of the following statements correctly describes carrier-mediated transport?
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a. |
It involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule. |
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b. |
It always moves substances against a concentration gradient. |
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c. |
It always requires energy expenditure. |
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d. |
It always moves substances along a concentration gradient. |
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138. Which of these statements is correct for NADH?
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a. |
It is an energy carrier. |
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b. |
It plays a role in cellular respiration. |
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c. |
It is used in glycolysis. |
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d. |
It is used in the citric acid cycle. |
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139. Which of the following is NOT a neuropeptide?
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a. |
acetylcholine |
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b. |
dopamine |
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c. |
epinephrine |
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d. |
glucagon |
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140. Which of the following correctly describes graded potentials?
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a. |
They are local changes in membrane potential that occur as all or none. |
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b. |
They serve as short-distance signals. |
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c. |
They serve as long-distance signals. |
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d. |
They are generated after action potential. |
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141. Where is the trigger zone of a neuron?
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a. |
in the terminal ganglion |
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b. |
in the hillock |
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c. |
in the chemically gated channels |
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d. |
in dendrites |
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142. The falling phase of the action potential is due to which of the following conditions?
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a. |
calcium equilibrium |
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b. |
potassium efflux |
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c. |
potassium influx |
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d. |
sodium efflux |
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143. Which of the following statements concerning cells is correct?
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a. |
Not every cell can perform certain basic functions essential to its own survival. |
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b. |
The average human cell is about 100 times smaller than the smallest particle visible by the unaided eye. |
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c. |
The cells of all organisms are fundamentally different in structure and function. |
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d. |
Every muscle cell contains a single nucleus. |
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144. Which of these statements is correct for neuromodulators?
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a. |
They bind to receptors at nonsynaptic sites. |
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b. |
They do contribute directly to EPSP and IPSP formation. |
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c. |
They may influence neurotransmitter production. |
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d. |
They directly alter membrane permeability. |
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145. Which of the following compounds is the carbon-based end product (chain) of glycolysis?
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a. |
NADH |
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b. |
ATP |
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c. |
pyruvic acid |
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d. |
FADH2 |
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146. Which of these substances is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane by dissolving in the membrane?
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a. |
a cation |
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b. |
an anion |
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c. |
a nonpolar or nonionized molecule |
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d. |
a polar molecule |
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147. Which of the following is the last step for synaptic signalling when the action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron?
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a. |
A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. |
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b. |
Calcium flows in the synaptic knob. |
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c. |
The neurotransmitter combines with protein receptor sites on the subsynaptic membrane. |
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d. |
The permeability is altered in a postsynaptic neuron. |
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148. Which of the following triggers the exocytosis of secretory products by entering a cell in response to a specific neural or hormonal stimulus?
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a. |
K+ |
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b. |
Na+ |
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c. |
Ca2+ |
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d. |
ATP |
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149. What is the purpose of glycolysis?
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a. |
to produce citric acid |
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b. |
to liberate energy from glucose |
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c. |
to produce large numbers of ATP |
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d. |
to trap energy in FADH2 |
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150. Which of the following statements concerning gap junctions is NOT correct?
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a. |
Gap junctions are communicating junctions. |
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b. |
At a gap junction, filaments of unknown composition extend between the plasma membranes of two closely adjacent but not touching cells, acting as spot rivets to anchor the cells together. |
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c. |
Gap junctions are formed by small connecting tunnels that link two adjacent cells and permit exchange of small water-soluble particles between the cells. |
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d. |
Gap junctions play an important role in transmission of electrical activity throughout an entire muscle mass. |
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151. Which of the following descriptions of movement of molecules across the plasma membrane is correct?
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a. |
If two similar molecules can both combine with the same carrier, the presence of one of these molecules increases the rate of entry of the other. |
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b. |
In simple diffusion, the rate of transport of a molecule is inversely proportional to the molecules extracellular concentration. |
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c. |
When a carrier becomes saturated, the maximum rate of transport is reached. |
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d. |
Large molecules can cross the plasma membrane through nonselective, receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
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152. Which of these terms best describes an excitable condition when a resting membrane potential is present?
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a. |
polarized |
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b. |
depolarized |
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c. |
hyperpolarized |
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d. |
repolarized |
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153. Which of the following refers to the form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in?
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a. |
exocytosis |
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b. |
pinocytosis |
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c. |
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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d. |
phagocytosis |
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154. What is the universal energy currency in cells?
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a. |
ATP |
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b. |
glucose |
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c. |
glycogen |
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d. |
insulin |
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155. What is the correct sequence at a synapse?
(1) neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
(2) calcium induces exocytosis of neurotransmitter
(3) permeability of postsynaptic membrane altered
(4) ion channels open
(5) neurotransmitter binds to receptor on chemically gated channel
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a. |
1, 2, 3, 5, 4 |
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b. |
1, 4, 3, 2, 5 |
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c. |
2, 1, 5, 4, 3 |
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d. |
3, 1, 4, 5, 2 |
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156. The cellular component that, once activated by the binding of an extracellular messenger to a surface receptor, in turn activates cyclic AMP is _________________.
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a. |
phospholipase C |
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b. |
adenylate cyclase |
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c. |
calmodulin |
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d. |
calcium |
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157. What accounts for the most ATP production?
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a. |
Krebs cycle |
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b. |
citric acid cycle |
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c. |
NADH |
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d. |
electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
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158. What might happen if niacin is deficient in your diet?
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a. |
Glucose might not be able to be cleaved. |
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b. |
Available FAD might decrease. |
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