Test BankChapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. | the properties of the objects in the environment. |
b. | the properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. |
c. | both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. |
d. | none of these are true. |
ANS: C REF: Starting at the Beginning MSC: Conceptual
a. | 100; 400 | c. | 500; 1000 |
b. | 400; 700 | d. | 900; 1500 |
ANS: B REF: Light: Stimulus for Vision MSC: Factual
a. | X-rays | c. | infrared rays |
b. | ultraviolet rays | d. | gamma rays |
ANS: B REF: Figure: Electromagnetic Spectrum MSC: Factual
a. | photons. | c. | ions. |
b. | electrons. | d. | pulsars. |
ANS: A REF: Light: Stimulus for Vision MSC: Factual
a. | iris. | c. | cornea. |
b. | pupil. | d. | lens. |
ANS: C REF: Light Focused by the Eye MSC: Factual
a. | inhibition. | c. | accommodation. |
b. | reflection. | d. | assimilation. |
ANS: C REF: Demonstration: What is in Focus MSC: Applied
a. | far point. | c. | high point. |
b. | near point. | d. | coupee point. |
ANS: B REF: Light Focused by the Eye MSC: Factual
a. | cataracts; 20 | c. | presbyopia; 100 |
b. | cataracts; 40 | d. | dermabrasion; 150 |
ANS: C REF: Loss of Accommodation with Age MSC: Applied
a. | myopia; cornea | c. | hyperopia; cornea |
b. | myopia; lens | d. | presbyopia; lens |
ANS: A REF: Myopia MSC: Factual
a. | nearby; farsighted | c. | distant; farsighted |
b. | nearby; nearsighted | d. | distant; nearsighted |
ANS: D REF: Myopia MSC: Factual
a. | Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate. | c. | Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged. |
b. | Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate. | d. | Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read. |
ANS: A REF: Hyperopia MSC: Applied
a. | inner segments of the visual receptors. | c. | axons of the rods. |
b. | outer segments of the visual receptors. | d. | axons of the cones. |
ANS: B REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy
MSC: Factual
a. | Opsin | c. | Choroid |
b. | Retinal | d. | Thyric acid |
ANS: B REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy
MSC: Factual
a. | chain reaction. | c. | hyperactive potential. |
b. | ballistic expansion. | d. | hypopolarization wave. |
ANS: A REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy
MSC: Factual
a. | The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination conditions. |
b. | The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina. |
c. | There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 5 million cones. |
d. | The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape. |
ANS: C REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual
a. | macular degeneration. | c. | presbyopia. |
b. | retinitis pigmentosa. | d. | retinal hypopolarization. |
ANS: A REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual
a. | macular degeneration | c. | presbyopia |
b. | retinitis pigmentosa | d. | retinal hypopolarization |
ANS: B REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual
a. | in the fovea. | c. | where the optic nerve leaves the eye. |
b. | in the vitreous. | d. | at the optic chiasm. |
ANS: C REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Conceptual
a. | a blurry gray area | c. | nothing |
b. | a white circle | d. | a continuation of the grid pattern |
ANS: D REF: Filling in the Blind Spot MSC: Applied
a. | poker players wear sunglasses. | c. | cardinals have good night vision. |
b. | pirates wore eyepatches. | d. | giants have poor night vision. |
ANS: B REF: Measuring the Dark Adaptation Curve
MSC: Applied
a. | use rod monochromats as the participants. |
b. | present the stimulus foveally. |
c. | present the stimulus in the periphery. |
d. | use cone monochromats as participants. |
ANS: A REF: Measuring Rod Adaptation MSC: Conceptual
a. | 30 seconds | c. | 7 minutes |
b. | 2 minutes | d. | 30 minutes |
ANS: C REF: Measuring Rod Adaptation MSC: Factual
a. | dead. | c. | color sensitive. |
b. | fully regenerated. | d. | detached from the opsim. |
ANS: D REF: Visual Pigment Regeneration MSC: Conceptual
a. | visual pigment regeneration. | c. | modular organization. |
b. | the enzyme cascade. | d. | photon remission. |
ANS: A REF: Visual Pigment Regeneration MSC: Conceptual
a. | look up and blink. | c. | look directly into a light. |
b. | look straight forward without blinking. | d. | look to the side of a flashing light. |
ANS: C REF: Measuring the Spectral Sensitivity Curve
MSC: Conceptual
a. | 700 nm; 400 nm | c. | 500 nm; 560 nm |
b. | 450 nm; 800 nm | d. | 600 nm; 450 nm |
ANS: C REF: Spectral Sensitivity Curve MSC: Factual
a. | is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions. |
b. | is when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions. |
c. | is when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions. |
d. | demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration. |
ANS: A REF: Spectral Sensitivity Curve MSC: Conceptual
a. | 2 | c. | 4 |
b. | 3 | d. | 7 |
ANS: B REF: Rod and Cone Absorption Spectra MSC: Factual
a. | dendrites, cell body, and axon. | c. | receptor, transmitter, and median. |
b. | axon, nerve fiber, and receptor. | d. | receptor, dendrites, and conductor. |
ANS: A REF: Electrical Signals in Neurons MSC: Factual
a. | 70 | c. | 0 |
b. | 10 | d. | +19 |
ANS: A REF: Recording Electrical Signals in Neurons
MSC: Factual
a. | Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude. |
b. | Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the axon. |
c. | The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon. |
d. | The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites. |
ANS: A REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials
MSC: Factual
a. | the amplitude of the action potential increases. |
b. | the amplitude of the action potential decreases. |
c. | the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus. |
d. | the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. |
ANS: D REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials
MSC: Factual
a. | 20 | c. | 800 |
b. | 100 | d. | 4400 |
ANS: C REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials
MSC: Factual
a. | positive potassium | c. | positive sodium |
b. | negative potassium | d. | negative sodium |
ANS: C REF: Chemical Basis of Action Potentials
MSC: Factual
a. | suppression | c. | accommodation |
b. | permeability | d. | assimilation |
ANS: B REF: Chemical Basis of Action Potentials
MSC: Factual
a. | electrolytyes | c. | neurotransmitters |
b. | collagens | d. | glial cells |
ANS: C REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap
MSC: Factual
a. | needle in a haystack | c. | stadium wave |
b. | lock and key | d. | rolling stone |
ANS: B REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap
MSC: Conceptual
a. | Hyperpolarization | c. | Antipolarization |
b. | Depolarization | d. | Repolarization |
ANS: A REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap
MSC: Factual
a. | excitation | c. | equalizing |
b. | inhibition | d. | both excitation and inhibition |
ANS: D REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap
MSC: Factual
a. | Inhibition | c. | Exhibition |
b. | Excitation | d. | Both inhibition and excitation |
ANS: D REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap
MSC: Conceptual
a. | ganglion; bipolar | c. | amacrine; unipolar |
b. | bipolar; ganglion | d. | amacrine; bipolar |
ANS: B REF: Neural Convergence and Perception
MSC: Factual
a. | recognition | c. | neural processing |
b. | attention | d. | the environmental stimulus |
ANS: C REF: Neural Convergence and Perception
MSC: Conceptual
a. | foveal cones converge more than the peripheral rods. |
b. | rods and cones converge equally. |
c. | rods converge more than foveal cones. |
d. | horizontal cells converge onto the peripheral cones. |
ANS: C REF: Neural Convergence and Perception
MSC: Factual
a. | increased; increased | c. | decreased; decreased |
b. | increased; decreased | d. | decreased; increased |
ANS: B REF: Neural Convergence and Perception
MSC: Conceptual
a. | acuity. | c. | receptive fields. |
b. | sensitivity. | d. | creativity. |
ANS: A REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity
MSC: Conceptual
a. | periphery; fovea | c. | optic disk; cornea |
b. | optic disk; fovea | d. | fovea; periphery |
ANS: D REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity
MSC: Factual
a. | the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions. |
b. | the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions. |
c. | the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity. |
d. | the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity. |
ANS: C REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity
MSC: Conceptual
a. | geons. | c. | Greebles. |
b. | gratings. | d. | faces. |
ANS: B REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual
a. | one month old. | c. | one year old. |
b. | two months old. | d. | two years old. |
ANS: C REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual
a. | The rods are not developed at birth. |
b. | Newborns have too much visual pigment in the cones. |
c. | A newborns rods have very narrow inner segments. |
d. | The visual cortex of the newborn is only partially developed. |
ANS: D REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual
ESSAY
ANS: Answer not provided.
(b) Describe two retinal disorders that differentially affect the rods and the cones.
ANS: Answer not provided.
(b) Discuss two reasons why we are not usually aware of the blind spot.
ANS: Answer not provided.
(b) Describe the methodology used to isolate the rod component of the curve, and the cone component.
(c) Discuss how Rushton demonstrated the physiological basis to dark adaptation.
ANS: Answer not provided.
(b) How do these properties relate to perception?
ANS: Answer not provided.
ANS: Answer not provided.
ANS: Answer not provided.
(b) In words and/or diagrams, discuss why the lack of convergence in the foveal cones results in decreased sensitivity, but increased acuity.
ANS: Answer not provided.
ANS: Answer not provided.
Test BankChapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. | is the same as the cutaneous sensory system. |
b. | is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis. |
c. | is not activated when reading Braille. |
d. | is not important for motivating sexual activity. |
ANS: B REF: Cutaneous Senses MSC: Factual
a. | warning the individual of possible injury. |
b. | preventing body fluids form escaping. |
c. | protecting the organism from bacteria and chemical agents. |
d. | all of these are functions of the skin |
ANS: D REF: Skin MSC: Factual
a. | Pacinian corpuscle |
b. | Meissner corpuscles |
c. | Ruffini cylinders |
d. | Merkel receptors |
ANS: D REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual
a. | Pacinian corpuscle | c. | Merkel receptors |
b. | Ruffini cylinders | d. | Chancellor cells |
ANS: D REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual
a. | Pacinian corpuscle |
b. | Meissner corpuscles |
c. | Ruffini cylinders |
d. | Merkel receptors |
ANS: A REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Conceptual
a. | sensing vibrations. | c. | controlling handgrip. |
b. | sensing fine texture. | d. | sensing fine details. |
ANS: C REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual
a. | the medial lemniscal pathway only. |
b. | the spinothalamic pathway only. |
c. | the geniculostriate pathway only. |
d. | both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway. |
ANS: D REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Factual
a. | lemniscal; spinothalamic | c. | homuncular; lemniscal |
b. | spinothalamic; lemniscal | d. | spinothermal; spinothalamic |
ANS: B REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Applied
a. | lateral geniculate nucleus. | c. | ventrolateral nucleus. |
b. | medial geniculate nucleus. | d. | hypothalamus. |
ANS: C REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Factual
a. | using fMRIs in humans. |
b. | lesioning S1 areas in the monkey. |
c. | using somatosensory-evoked potentials in monkeys. |
d. | stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations. |
ANS: D REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Factual
a. | homunculus. | c. | epidermis. |
b. | anosmia. | d. | pachyderm. |
ANS: A REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual
a. | sensory substitution. | c. | cortical magnification. |
b. | Braille projection. | d. | the analgesic inversion principle. |
ANS: C REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual
a. | Body maps only appear in S1. |
b. | Body map regions are proportionate to the actual size of the body parts. |
c. | Body maps appear in both the frontal and parietal lobes. |
d. | Body maps appear in S1 and S2. |
ANS: D REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual
a. | the somatosensory system only. |
b. | the auditory system only. |
c. | only the auditory and somatosensory systems |
d. | the somatosensory, auditory, and visual systems. |
ANS: D REF: Plasticity of Cortical Body Maps MSC: Factual
a. | equal to the area for the fingers on her right hand. |
b. | equal to the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. |
c. | larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. |
d. | smaller than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. |
ANS: C REF: Plasticity of Cortical Body Maps MSC: Applied
a. | Gratings |
b. | Letters |
c. | Two-point stimuli |
d. | Letters, gratings, and two-point stimuli have all been used. |
ANS: D REF: Method: Measuring Tactile Acuity
MSC: Factual
a. | Fingertips | c. | Forehead |
b. | Palms | d. | Upper arm |
ANS: A REF: Receptor Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity
MSC: Factual
a. | Merkel receptors is higher | c. | Merkel receptors is lower |
b. | Krausse end bulbs is higher | d. | Pacinian corpuscles is lower |
ANS: A REF: Receptor Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity
MSC: Conceptual
a. | larger for the fingers than for the forearm. |
b. | larger for the fingers than for the hand. |
c. | smaller for the fingers than the forearm. |
d. | the same size for the fingers as for the hand. |
ANS: C REF: Cortical Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity
MSC: Conceptual
a. | Pacinian corpuscles | c. | Ruffini cylinders |
b. | Merkel receptors | d. | Meissner corpuscles |
ANS: A REF: Perceiving Vibration MSC: Factual
a. | parietal cues. | c. | spatial cues. |
b. | temporal cues. | d. | olfactory cues. |
ANS: B REF: Perceiving Texture MSC: Conceptual
a. | temporal cues and spatial cues. | c. | spatial cues and auditory cues. |
b. | temporal cues and olfactory cues. | d. | temporal cues and parietal cues. |
ANS: A REF: Perceiving Texture MSC: Conceptual
a. | it is difficult to determine texture without directly touching the surface. |
b. | passive touch is more important than active touch in texture perception. |
c. | texture gradients are more important for vision than cutaneous senses. |
d. | that you can use vibrations to perceive the texture of the surface. |
ANS: D REF: Demonstration: Perceiving Texture with a Pen
MSC: Applied
a. | passive touch. | c. | two-point touch. |
b. | active touch. | d. | two-hand touch. |
ANS: B REF: Perceiving Objects MSC: Conceptual
a. | passive touch. | c. | azimuth perception. |
b. | haptic perception. | d. | magnification touch. |
ANS: B REF: Perceiving Objects MSC: Conceptual
a. | Enclosure | c. | Contour following |
b. | Pressure | d. | All of these are EPs. |
ANS: D REF: Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration
MSC: Factual
a. | lateral motion and pressure | c. | enclosure and contour following |
b. | pressure only | d. | passive motion and lateral motion |
ANS: C REF: Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration
MSC: Applied
a. | The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the high-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the lower-curvature stimulus. |
b. | The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the lower-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the high-curvature stimulus. |
c. | The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, and the pattern of firing is the same in both cases. |
d. | The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, but the pattern of firing is different for the two stimuli. |
ANS: D REF: Physiology of Tactile Object Perception
MSC: Conceptual
a. | center-surround receptive fields | c. | no receptive fields. |
b. | ill-defined receptive fields. | d. | grating-like receptive fields. |
ANS: A REF: Physiology of Tactile Object Perception
MSC: Factual
a. | respond only to stimuli of a specific orientation. |
b. | respond only to active touching of a ruler. |
c. | respond differently under different attention conditions. |
d. | All of these have been found. |
ANS: D REF: Physiology of Tactile Object Perception
MSC: Factual
a. | tumor cells; phantom limb syndrome |
b. | tumor cells; carpal tunnel syndrome |
c. | carpal tunnel syndrome; azimuth burn |
d. | carpal tunnel syndrome; tumor cells |
ANS: D REF: Pain MSC:
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