Sensation And Perception 9th Ed.By Goldstein Test Bank

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Sensation And Perception 9th Ed.By Goldstein Test Bank

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Sensation And Perception 9th Ed.By Goldstein Test Bank

Test BankChapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Our perception of the environment depends on

a.	the properties of the objects in the environment.
b.	the properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system.
c.	both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system.
d.	none of these are true.

ANS: C REF: Starting at the Beginning MSC: Conceptual

Visible light is between _____ and ____ nm within the electromagnetic spectrum.

a.	100; 400	c.	500; 1000
b.	400; 700	d.	900; 1500

ANS: B REF: Light: Stimulus for Vision MSC: Factual

A wavelength of 100 nm would fall in the ______ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

a.	X-rays	c.	infrared rays
b.	ultraviolet rays	d.	gamma rays

ANS: B REF: Figure: Electromagnetic Spectrum MSC: Factual

Light can be described in terms of wavelength, or as consisting of small packets of energy called

a.	photons.	c.	ions.
b.	electrons.	d.	pulsars.

ANS: A REF: Light: Stimulus for Vision MSC: Factual

The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eyes focusing power is the

a.	iris.	c.	cornea.
b.	pupil.	d.	lens.

ANS: C REF: Light Focused by the Eye MSC: Factual

Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called

a.	inhibition.	c.	accommodation.
b.	reflection.	d.	assimilation.

ANS: C REF: Demonstration: What is in Focus MSC: Applied

The distance at which the lens can no longer bring a close object into focus is called the

a.	far point.	c.	high point.
b.	near point.	d.	coupee point.

ANS: B REF: Light Focused by the Eye MSC: Factual

Loreleis mother is 60 years old. Because of the condition called ______, the closest distance at which she can focus an object is probably about ____ cm.

a.	cataracts; 20	c.	presbyopia; 100
b.	cataracts; 40	d.	dermabrasion; 150

ANS: C REF: Loss of Accommodation with Age MSC: Applied

LASIK surgery is used to treat _______ by cutting a small flap in the _________.

a.	myopia; cornea	c.	hyperopia; cornea
b.	myopia; lens	d.	presbyopia; lens

ANS: A REF: Myopia MSC: Factual

Individual suffering from myopia may have difficulty seeing _______ objects clearly. Often times they are also referred to as being _______.

a.	nearby; farsighted	c.	distant; farsighted
b.	nearby; nearsighted	d.	distant; nearsighted

ANS: D REF: Myopia MSC: Factual

Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This is because

a.	Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate.	c.	Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged.
b.	Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate.	d.	Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read.

ANS: A REF: Hyperopia MSC: Applied

The visual pigment molecules are contained in the

a.	inner segments of the visual receptors.	c.	axons of the rods.
b.	outer segments of the visual receptors.	d.	axons of the cones.

ANS: B REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy

MSC: Factual

_______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.

a.	Opsin	c.	Choroid
b.	Retinal	d.	Thyric acid

ANS: B REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy

MSC: Factual

The isomerization of a single pigment molecule triggers what is best described as a

a.	chain reaction.	c.	hyperactive potential.
b.	ballistic expansion.	d.	hypopolarization wave.

ANS: A REF: Transforming Light to Electrical Energy

MSC: Factual

Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones?

a.	The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination conditions.
b.	The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina.
c.	There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 5 million cones.
d.	The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape.

ANS: C REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual

A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is

a.	macular degeneration.	c.	presbyopia.
b.	retinitis pigmentosa.	d.	retinal hypopolarization.

ANS: A REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual

In the early stages of _______, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer peripheral vision.

a.	macular degeneration	c.	presbyopia
b.	retinitis pigmentosa	d.	retinal hypopolarization

ANS: B REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Factual

The blind spot is located

a.	in the fovea.	c.	where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
b.	in the vitreous.	d.	at the optic chiasm.

ANS: C REF: Distribution of Rods and Cones MSC: Conceptual

Nina does a demonstration of seeing the blind spot, in which a grid pattern surrounds the black dot that disappears when it falls on the blind spot. What does Nina most likely see in the area where the dot disappears?

a.	a blurry gray area	c.	nothing
b.	a white circle	d.	a continuation of the grid pattern

ANS: D REF: Filling in the Blind Spot MSC: Applied

The episode of Mythbusters cited in the textbook demonstrated that dark adaptation was the reason why

a.	poker players wear sunglasses.	c.	cardinals have good night vision.
b.	pirates wore eyepatches.	d.	giants have poor night vision.

ANS: B REF: Measuring the Dark Adaptation Curve

MSC: Applied

To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers

a.	use rod monochromats as the participants.
b.	present the stimulus foveally.
c.	present the stimulus in the periphery.
d.	use cone monochromats as participants.

ANS: A REF: Measuring Rod Adaptation MSC: Conceptual

The rod-cone break in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about ___ in the dark.

a.	30 seconds	c.	7 minutes
b.	2 minutes	d.	30 minutes

ANS: C REF: Measuring Rod Adaptation MSC: Factual

When visual pigments become bleached they are

a.	dead.	c.	color sensitive.
b.	fully regenerated.	d.	detached from the opsim.

ANS: D REF: Visual Pigment Regeneration MSC: Conceptual

Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is

a.	visual pigment regeneration.	c.	modular organization.
b.	the enzyme cascade.	d.	photon remission.

ANS: A REF: Visual Pigment Regeneration MSC: Conceptual

Cone spectral sensitivity is measured by having the observer

a.	look up and blink.	c.	look directly into a light.
b.	look straight forward without blinking.	d.	look to the side of a flashing light.

ANS: C REF: Measuring the Spectral Sensitivity Curve

MSC: Conceptual

The peak in the spectral sensitivity curve is about _____ for the rods, and about _____ for the cones.

a.	700 nm; 400 nm	c.	500 nm; 560 nm
b.	450 nm; 800 nm	d.	600 nm; 450 nm

ANS: C REF: Spectral Sensitivity Curve MSC: Factual

The Purkinje shift

a.	is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.
b.	is when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.
c.	is when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions.
d.	demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration.

ANS: A REF: Spectral Sensitivity Curve MSC: Conceptual

There are ____different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.

a.	2	c.	4
b.	3	d.	7

ANS: B REF: Rod and Cone Absorption Spectra MSC: Factual

The three major parts of a neuron are

a.	dendrites, cell body, and axon.	c.	receptor, transmitter, and median.
b.	axon, nerve fiber, and receptor.	d.	receptor, dendrites, and conductor.

ANS: A REF: Electrical Signals in Neurons MSC: Factual

The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is _____ mV.

a.	70	c.	0
b.	10	d.	+19

ANS: A REF: Recording Electrical Signals in Neurons

MSC: Factual

Which of the following statements best defines the propagated response?

a.	Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude.
b.	Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the axon.
c.	The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon.
d.	The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites.

ANS: A REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials

MSC: Factual

As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows

a.	the amplitude of the action potential increases.
b.	the amplitude of the action potential decreases.
c.	the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus.
d.	the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases.

ANS: D REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials

MSC: Factual

The upper limit of a neurons firing rate is estimated to be ____ impulses per second.

a.	20	c.	800
b.	100	d.	4400

ANS: C REF: Basic Properties of Action Potentials

MSC: Factual

At the beginning of the action potential, _____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.

a.	positive potassium	c.	positive sodium
b.	negative potassium	d.	negative sodium

ANS: C REF: Chemical Basis of Action Potentials

MSC: Factual

The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the ______ of the nerve fiber.

a.	suppression	c.	accommodation
b.	permeability	d.	assimilation

ANS: B REF: Chemical Basis of Action Potentials

MSC: Factual

Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called _________ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.

a.	electrolytyes	c.	neurotransmitters
b.	collagens	d.	glial cells

ANS: C REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap

MSC: Factual

The _____ analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites.

a.	needle in a haystack	c.	stadium wave
b.	lock and key	d.	rolling stone

ANS: B REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap

MSC: Conceptual

____________ is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative.

a.	Hyperpolarization	c.	Antipolarization
b.	Depolarization	d.	Repolarization

ANS: A REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap

MSC: Factual

The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of ______ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron.

a.	excitation	c.	equalizing
b.	inhibition	d.	both excitation and inhibition

ANS: D REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap

MSC: Factual

__________ is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information.

a.	Inhibition	c.	Exhibition
b.	Excitation	d.	Both inhibition and excitation

ANS: D REF: Transmitting Information Across a Gap

MSC: Conceptual

Rods and cones synapse with ______ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells.

a.	ganglion; bipolar	c.	amacrine; unipolar
b.	bipolar; ganglion	d.	amacrine; bipolar

ANS: B REF: Neural Convergence and Perception

MSC: Factual

Converging circuits with excitation and inhibition are associated most closely with which step of the perceptual process?

a.	recognition	c.	neural processing
b.	attention	d.	the environmental stimulus

ANS: C REF: Neural Convergence and Perception

MSC: Conceptual

If we compare how the rods and cones converge onto other retinal neurons, we find that

a.	foveal cones converge more than the peripheral rods.
b.	rods and cones converge equally.
c.	rods converge more than foveal cones.
d.	horizontal cells converge onto the peripheral cones.

ANS: C REF: Neural Convergence and Perception

MSC: Factual

Convergence results in _________ sensitivity and _______ acuity.

a.	increased; increased	c.	decreased; decreased
b.	increased; decreased	d.	decreased; increased

ANS: B REF: Neural Convergence and Perception

MSC: Conceptual

Reading the eye chart in an optometrists office is used to measure

a.	acuity.	c.	receptive fields.
b.	sensitivity.	d.	creativity.

ANS: A REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity

MSC: Conceptual

Acuity is better in the ____ than in the _____.

a.	periphery; fovea	c.	optic disk; cornea
b.	optic disk; fovea	d.	fovea; periphery

ANS: D REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity

MSC: Factual

The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by

a.	the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions.
b.	the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions.
c.	the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity.
d.	the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity.

ANS: C REF: Lack of Convergence Causes Better Acuity

MSC: Conceptual

The stimuli used in the preferential looking technique of testing infant acuity are

a.	geons.	c.	Greebles.
b.	gratings.	d.	faces.

ANS: B REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual

Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is

a.	one month old.	c.	one year old.
b.	two months old.	d.	two years old.

ANS: C REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual

Which of the following is a reason for the poor acuity of newborns?

a.	The rods are not developed at birth.
b.	Newborns have too much visual pigment in the cones.
c.	A newborns rods have very narrow inner segments.
d.	The visual cortex of the newborn is only partially developed.

ANS: D REF: Infant Visual Acuity MSC: Factual

ESSAY

Name, define, and discuss the treatment for three kinds of focusing problems.

ANS: Answer not provided.

(a) Discuss the major differences between the rods and the cones.

(b) Describe two retinal disorders that differentially affect the rods and the cones.

ANS: Answer not provided.

(a) What is the blind spot?

(b) Discuss two reasons why we are not usually aware of the blind spot.

ANS: Answer not provided.

(a) Draw a graph (with appropriate axis labels) of the dark adaptation curve.

(b) Describe the methodology used to isolate the rod component of the curve, and the cone component.

ANS: Answer not provided.

(a) What are the basic properties of action potentials?

(b) How do these properties relate to perception?

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Using words and/or diagrams, circuits with (a) no convergence; (b) convergence; and (c) convergence with inhibition affect neural firing rate.

ANS: Answer not provided.

(a) In words and/or diagrams, discuss why convergence of the rods results in increased sensitivity, but decreased acuity.

(b) In words and/or diagrams, discuss why the lack of convergence in the foveal cones results in decreased sensitivity, but increased acuity.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe how preferential looking and visual evoked potentials technique have been used to study infant perception.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Test BankChapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The somatosensory system

a.	is the same as the cutaneous sensory system.
b.	is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis.
c.	is not activated when reading Braille.
d.	is not important for motivating sexual activity.

ANS: B REF: Cutaneous Senses MSC: Factual

The function of the skin is

a.	warning the individual of possible injury.
b.	preventing body fluids form escaping.
c.	protecting the organism from bacteria and chemical agents.
d.	all of these are functions of the skin

ANS: D REF: Skin MSC: Factual

The _______ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.

a.	Pacinian corpuscle
b.	Meissner corpuscles
c.	Ruffini cylinders
d.	Merkel receptors

ANS: D REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual

Which of the following is NOT a mechanoreceptor?

a.	Pacinian corpuscle	c.	Merkel receptors
b.	Ruffini cylinders	d.	Chancellor cells

ANS: D REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual

The ___________ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.

a.	Pacinian corpuscle
b.	Meissner corpuscles
c.	Ruffini cylinders
d.	Merkel receptors

ANS: A REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Conceptual

The Meissner corpuscle is associated with

a.	sensing vibrations.	c.	controlling handgrip.
b.	sensing fine texture.	d.	sensing fine details.

ANS: C REF: Mechanoreceptors MSC: Factual

The nerve fibers in the spinal cord go in

a.	the medial lemniscal pathway only.
b.	the spinothalamic pathway only.
c.	the geniculostriate pathway only.
d.	both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.

ANS: D REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Factual

Ian Waterman was able to sense pain and temperature because his _______ pathway was intact, but could not feel touch and limb position because of damage to his ____ pathway.

a.	lemniscal; spinothalamic	c.	homuncular; lemniscal
b.	spinothalamic; lemniscal	d.	spinothermal; spinothalamic

ANS: B REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Applied

The fibers from the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway go to the

a.	lateral geniculate nucleus.	c.	ventrolateral nucleus.
b.	medial geniculate nucleus.	d.	hypothalamus.

ANS: C REF: Pathways From Skin to Cortex MSC: Factual

Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by

a.	using fMRIs in humans.
b.	lesioning S1 areas in the monkey.
c.	using somatosensory-evoked potentials in monkeys.
d.	stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations.

ANS: D REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Factual

The mapping of the body on the somatosensory cortex can be represented as the

a.	homunculus.	c.	epidermis.
b.	anosmia.	d.	pachyderm.

ANS: A REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual

The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of

a.	sensory substitution.	c.	cortical magnification.
b.	Braille projection.	d.	the analgesic inversion principle.

ANS: C REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual

Which of the following is true regarding body mapping in the somatosensory cortex?

a.	Body maps only appear in S1.
b.	Body map regions are proportionate to the actual size of the body parts.
c.	Body maps appear in both the frontal and parietal lobes.
d.	Body maps appear in S1 and S2.

ANS: D REF: Somatosensory Cortex MSC: Conceptual

Experience-dependent plasticity has been found to occur for

a.	the somatosensory system only.
b.	the auditory system only.
c.	only the auditory and somatosensory systems
d.	the somatosensory, auditory, and visual systems.

ANS: D REF: Plasticity of Cortical Body Maps MSC: Factual

Jan is a right-handed violin player she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is

a.	equal to the area for the fingers on her right hand.
b.	equal to the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
c.	larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
d.	smaller than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.

ANS: C REF: Plasticity of Cortical Body Maps MSC: Applied

Which of the following stimuli have been used to test tactile acuity?

a.	Gratings
b.	Letters
c.	Two-point stimuli
d.	Letters, gratings, and two-point stimuli have all been used.

ANS: D REF: Method: Measuring Tactile Acuity

MSC: Factual

Which of the following body parts has the lowest two-point threshold?

a.	Fingertips	c.	Forehead
b.	Palms	d.	Upper arm

ANS: A REF: Receptor Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity

MSC: Factual

The density of the ______ on the fingertips than on the palms.

a.	Merkel receptors is higher	c.	Merkel receptors is lower
b.	Krausse end bulbs is higher	d.	Pacinian corpuscles is lower

ANS: A REF: Receptor Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity

MSC: Conceptual

The receptive fields of cortical S1 neurons are

a.	larger for the fingers than for the forearm.
b.	larger for the fingers than for the hand.
c.	smaller for the fingers than the forearm.
d.	the same size for the fingers as for the hand.

ANS: C REF: Cortical Mechanisms for Tactile Acuity

MSC: Conceptual

The mechanoreceptors primarily responsible for feeling the vibrations from an electric toothbrush are _________ because these receptors contain an onion-like series of layers.

a.	Pacinian corpuscles	c.	Ruffini cylinders
b.	Merkel receptors	d.	Meissner corpuscles

ANS: A REF: Perceiving Vibration MSC: Factual

Moving your finger across a textured surface can produce vibrations that are interpreted as texture. These vibrations are defined as

a.	parietal cues.	c.	spatial cues.
b.	temporal cues.	d.	olfactory cues.

ANS: B REF: Perceiving Texture MSC: Conceptual

The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of

a.	temporal cues and spatial cues.	c.	spatial cues and auditory cues.
b.	temporal cues and olfactory cues.	d.	temporal cues and parietal cues.

ANS: A REF: Perceiving Texture MSC: Conceptual

The demonstration in which you perceived the texture of a surface using your pen or another tool showed

a.	it is difficult to determine texture without directly touching the surface.
b.	passive touch is more important than active touch in texture perception.
c.	texture gradients are more important for vision than cutaneous senses.
d.	that you can use vibrations to perceive the texture of the surface.

ANS: D REF: Demonstration: Perceiving Texture with a Pen

MSC: Applied

In most of our daily experience of touch, we are using

a.	passive touch.	c.	two-point touch.
b.	active touch.	d.	two-hand touch.

ANS: B REF: Perceiving Objects MSC: Conceptual

When you try to identify a three-dimensional object by touch alone, and are allowed to have control over your hand and finger movements, you are using

a.	passive touch.	c.	azimuth perception.
b.	haptic perception.	d.	magnification touch.

ANS: B REF: Perceiving Objects MSC: Conceptual

Which if the following is an exploratory procedure identified by Lederman and Klatzky?

a.	Enclosure	c.	Contour following
b.	Pressure	d.	All of these are EPs.

ANS: D REF: Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration

MSC: Factual

BobbyDale is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedure(s) of _______________ to identify the soccer balls exact shape.

a.	lateral motion and pressure	c.	enclosure and contour following
b.	pressure only	d.	passive motion and lateral motion

ANS: C REF: Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration

MSC: Applied

Mika touches a high-curvature stimulus and a lower-curvature stimulus with her fingertip. Which of the following best describes the firing of the mechanoreceptor fibers?

a.	The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the high-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the lower-curvature stimulus.
b.	The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the lower-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the high-curvature stimulus.
c.	The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, and the pattern of firing is the same in both cases.
d.	The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, but the pattern of firing is different for the two stimuli.

ANS: D REF: Physiology of Tactile Object Perception

MSC: Conceptual

Neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus have

a.	center-surround receptive fields	c.	no receptive fields.
b.	ill-defined receptive fields.	d.	grating-like receptive fields.

ANS: A REF: Physiology of Tactile Object Perception

MSC: Factual

Neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex have been found that

a.	respond only to stimuli of a specific orientation.
b.	respond only to active touching of a ruler.
c.	respond differently under different attention conditions.
d.	All of these have been found.