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Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation 5th Edition Cairo
Chapter 1; Basic Terms and Concepts of Mechanical Ventilation
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. | External respiration |
b. | Internal respiration |
c. | Spontaneous ventilation |
d. | Mechanical ventilation |
ANS: C
The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since the question asks for the bodys mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation. External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the cells.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 3
a. | Red blood cells and body cells |
b. | Scalenes and trapezius muscles |
c. | Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
d. | External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles |
ANS: C
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles are accessory muscles of inspiration. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are accessory muscles of expiration.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 3
a. | |
b. | |
c. | |
d. |
ANS: B
During spontaneous breathing the intrapleural pressure drops from about -5 cm H2O at end-expiration to about -10 cm H2O at end-inspiration. The graph depicted for answer B shows that change from -5 cm H2O to -10 cm H2O.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 4
a. | 1 cm H2O |
b. | + 1 cm H2O |
c. | 0 cm H2O |
d. | 5 cm H2O |
ANS: A
-1 cm H2O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal spontaneous ventilation. During the exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath the alveolar pressure will become +1 cm H2O.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 3
a. | Transairway pressure (PTA ) |
b. | Transthoracic pressure (PTT) |
c. | Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) |
d. | Transpulmonary pressure (PL) |
ANS: D
The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation. Transairway pressure (PTA ) is the pressure gradient required to produce airflow in the conducting tubes. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure to inflate the lungs and airways during positive pressure ventilation. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand or contract the lungs and the chest wall at the same time.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 3
a. | 7 cm H2O |
b. | 30 cm H2O |
c. | 40 cm H2O |
d. | 175 cm H2O |
ANS: B
The transairway pressure (PTA ) is used to calculate the pressure required to overcome airway resistance during mechanical ventilation. This formula is PTA = Paw PA.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 3
a. | Elastance |
b. | Compliance |
c. | Viscous resistance |
d. | Distending pressure |
ANS: A
The elastance of a structure is the tendency of that structure to return to its original shape after being stretched. The more elastance a structure has, the more difficult it is to stretch. The compliance of a structure is the ease with which the structure distends or stretches. Compliance is the opposite of elastance. Viscous resistance is the opposition to movement offered by adjacent structures such as the lungs and their adjacent organs. Distending pressure is pressure required to maintain inflation, for example alveolar distending pressure.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 4
a. | 6 cm H2O |
b. | 26.7 cm H2O |
c. | 37.5 cm H2O |
d. | 41.5 cm H2O |
ANS: B
DC = DV/DP then DP = DV/DC
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 4
a. | Asthma |
b. | Kyphoscoliosis |
c. | Emphysema |
d. | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
ANS: C
Emphysema causes an increase in pulmonary compliance, whereas ARDS and kyphoscoliosis cause decreases in pulmonary compliance. Asthma attacks cause increase in airway resistance.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | 14.1 mL/cm H2O |
b. | 16.3 mL/ cm H2O |
c. | 21.7 mL/cm H2O |
d. | 40.6 mL/cm H2O |
ANS: C
The formula for calculating effective static compliance is Cs = VT/(Pplateau EEP).
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 4| pg. 5
a. | 0.02 L/cm H2O |
b. | 0.03 L/cm H2O |
c. | 0.22 L/cm H2O |
d. | 0.34 L/cm H2O |
ANS: C
The formula for calculating effective static compliance is Cs = VT/(Pplateau EEP).
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 4| pg. 5
Time | PIP (cm H2O) | Pplateau (cm H2O) |
0600 | 27 | 15 |
0800 | 29 | 15 |
1000 | 36 | 13 |
The respiratory therapist should recommend which of the following for this patient?
1. | Tracheobronchial suctioning |
2. | Increase in the set tidal volume |
3. | Beta adrenergic bronchodilator therapy |
4. | Increase positive end expiratory pressure |
a. | 1 and 3 only |
b. | 2 and 4 only |
c. | 1, 2 and 3 only |
d. | 2, 3 and 4 only |
ANS: A
Calculate the transairway pressure (PTA) by subtracting the plateau pressure from the peak inspiratory pressure. Analyzing the PTA will show any changes in the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance. Analyzing the Pplateau will demonstrate any changes in compliance. The Pplateau remained the same for the first two checks and then actually dropped at the 1000 hour check. Analyzing the PTA, however, shows a slight increase between 0600 and 0800 (from 12 cm H2O to 14 cm H2O) and then a sharp increase to 23 cm H2O at 1000. Increases in PTA signify increases in airway resistance. Airway resistance may be caused by secretion buildup, bronchospasm, mucosal edema, and mucosal inflammation. Tracheobronchial suctioning will remove any secretion buildup and a beta adrenergic bronchodilator will reverse bronchospasm. Increasing the tidal volume will add to the airway resistance according to Poiseuilles law. Increasing the PEEP will not address the root of this patients problem; the patients compliance is normal.
DIF: 3 REF: pg. 6
Time | Peak Inspiratory Pressure (cm H2O) | Plateau Pressure (cm H2O) | |
0800 | 35 | 30 | |
1000 | 39 | 34 | |
1100 | 45 | 39 | |
1130 | 50 | 44 | |
Analysis of this data points to which of the following conclusions?
a. | Airway resistance in increasing. |
b. | Airway resistance is decreasing. |
c. | Lung compliance is increasing. |
d. | Lung compliance is decreasing. |
ANS: D
To evaluate this information the transairway pressure (PTA) is calculated for the different times: 0800 PTA = 5 cm H2O, 1000 PTA = 5 cm H2O, 1100 PTA = 6 cm H2O, and 1130 PTA = 6 cm H2O. This data shows that there is no significant increase or decrease in this patients airway resistance. Analysis of the patients plateau pressure (Pplateau ) reveals an increase of 15 cm H2O over the three and one half hour time period. This is directly related to a decrease in lung compliance. Calculation of the lung compliance (CS = VT/(Pplateau-EEP) at each time interval reveals a steady decrease from 20 mL/cm H2O to 14 mL/cm H2O.
DIF: 3 REF: pg. 6
a. | An elevated plateau pressure (Pplateau) |
b. | A decreased elastic resistance |
c. | A low peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) |
d. | A large transairway pressure (PTA) gradient |
ANS: A
ARDS is a pathological condition that is associated with a reduction in lung compliance. The formula for static compliance (CS) utilizes the measured plateau pressure (Pplateau) in its denominator (CS = VT /(Pplateau EEP). Therefore, with a consistent exhaled tidal volume (VT) , an elevated Pplateau will decrease CS.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | (Peak pressure (PIP) EEP)/tidal volume (VT) |
b. | (Plateau pressure (Pplateau) EEP/tidal volume (VT) |
c. | Tidal volume/(plateau pressure EEP) |
d. | Tidal volume /(peak pressure (PIP) plateau pressure (Pplateau )) |
ANS: C
CS = VT/(Pplateau EEP)
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 7
a. | Inspiration |
b. | End-inspiration |
c. | Expiration |
d. | End-expiration |
ANS: B
The calculation of compliance requires the measurement of the plateau pressure. This pressure measurement is made during no-flow conditions. The airway pressure (Paw) is measured at end-inspiration. The inspiratory pressure is taken when the pressure reaches its maximum during a delivered mechanical breath. The pressure that occurs during expiration is a dynamic measurement and drops during expiration. The pressure reading at end-expiration is the baseline pressure; this reading is either at zero (atmospheric pressure) or at above atmospheric pressure (PEEP).
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 6
a. | Pulmonary edema |
b. | Bronchospasm |
c. | Fibrosis |
d. | Ascites |
ANS: B
Airway resistance is determined by the gas viscosity, gas density, tubing length, airway diameter, and the flow rate of the gas through the tubing. The two factors that are most often subject to change are the airway diameter and the flow rate of the gas. The flow rate of the gas during mechanical ventilation is controlled. Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulating in the alveoli and will cause a drop in the patients lung compliance. Bronchospasm causes a narrowing of the airways and will, therefore, increase the airway resistance. Fibrosis causes an inability of the lungs to stretch, decreasing the patients lung compliance. Ascites causes fluid buildup in the peritoneal cavity and increases tissue resistance, not airway resistance.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 5
a. | Increase in static compliance (CS) |
b. | Decrease in static compliance (CS) |
c. | Increase in airway resistance |
d. | Decrease in airway resistance |
ANS: C
The PIP represents the amount of pressure needed to overcome both elastance and airway resistance. The Pplateau is the amount of pressure required to overcome elastance alone. Since the Pplateau has remained constant in this situation, the static compliance is unchanged. The difference between the PIP and the Pplateau is the transairway pressure (PTA) and represents the pressure required to overcome the airway resistance. If PTA increases, the airway resistance is also increasing, when the gas flow rate remains the same.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | Static compliance (CS) has increased. |
b. | Static compliance (CS) has decreased. |
c. | Airway resistance (Raw) has increased. |
d. | Airway resistance (Raw )has decreased. |
ANS: B
The PIP represents the amount of pressure needed to overcome both elastance and airway resistance. The Pplateau is the amount of pressure required to overcome elastance alone, and is the pressure used to calculate the static compliance. Since PTA has stayed the same, it can be concluded that Raw has remained the same. Therefore, the reason the PIP has increased is because of an increase in the Pplateau. This correlates to a decrease in CS.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5
a. | 0.58 Raw |
b. | 1.2 Raw |
c. | 35 Raw |
d. | 50 Raw |
ANS: C
Raw = PTA/flow; or Raw = (PIP Pplateau)/flow
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | 5 Raw |
b. | 6 Raw |
c. | 10 Raw |
d. | 15 Raw |
ANS: B
Raw = (PIP Pplateau)/flow and flow is in Liters/second.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | 43 CS |
b. | 36 CS |
c. | 20 CS |
d. | 0.065 CS |
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | 0.04 sec |
b. | 0.16 sec |
c. | 1.6 sec |
d. | 4.0 sec |
ANS: B
Time constant = C (L/cm H2O) x R (cm H2O/(L/sec)). 98% of the volume will be delivered in 4 time constants. Therefore, multiply 4 times the time constant.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 6
a. | 1 |
b. | 2 |
c. | 3 |
d. | 4 |
ANS: C
One time constant allows 63% of the volume to be inhaled; 2 time constants allow about 86% of the volume to be inhaled; 3 time constants allow about 95% to be inhaled; 4 time constants allow about 98% to be inhaled; and 5 time constants allow 100% to be inhaled.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 6
a. | 0.36 sec |
b. | 0.5 sec |
c. | 1.4 sec |
d. | 1.8 sec |
ANS: D
Time constant (TC) = C (L/cm H2O) x R (cm H2O/(L/sec)). 100% of the volume will be delivered in 5 time constants. Therefore, multiply 5 times the time constant.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 6
a. | Cs = 0.1 L/cm H2O Raw = 1 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
b. | Cs = 0.1 L/cm H2O Raw = 10 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
c. | Cs = 0.03 L/cm H2O Raw = 1 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
d. | Cs = 0.03 L/cm H2O Raw = 10 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
ANS: C
Use the time constant formula, TC = C x R, to determine the time constant for each choice. The time constant for answer A is 0.1 sec. The time constant for answer B is 1 sec. The time constant for answer C is 0.03 seconds, and the time constant for answer D is 0.3 sec. The product of multiplying the time constant by 5 is the inspiratory time needed to deliver 100% of the volume.
DIF: 3 REF: pg. 6
1. | Requires more time to fill than a normal alveolus |
2. | Fills more quickly than a normal alveolus |
3. | Requires more volume to fill than a normal alveolus |
4. | More pressure is needed to achieve a normal volume |
a. | 1 and 3 only |
b. | 2 and 4 only |
c. | 2 and 3 only |
d. | 1, 3 and 4 |
ANS: B
The figure shows a low-compliant unit, which has a short time constant. This means it takes less time to fill and empty and will require more pressure to achieve a normal volume. Lung units that require more time to fill are high-resistance units. Lung units that require more volume to fill than normal are high-compliance units.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 9
a. | 16 |
b. | 20 |
c. | 22 |
d. | 30 |
ANS: D
CS = VT/(Pplateau EEP)
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5
a. | Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) |
b. | Negative pressure ventilation (NPV) |
c. | High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) |
d. | High frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV) |
ANS: D
Negative pressure ventilation (NPV) attempts to mimic the function of the respiratory muscles to allow breathing through normal physiological mechanisms. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) pushes air into the lungs by increasing the alveolar pressure. High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) delivers very small volumes at very high rates in a to-and-fro motion by pushing the gas in and pulling it out during exhalation. High frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV) pushes in small volumes at high respiratory rates.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
a. | Plateau pressure (Pplateau) |
b. | Functional residual capacity (FRC) |
c. | Extrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (extrinsic PEEP) |
d. | Intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (intrinsic PEEP) |
ANS: D
The definition of intrinsic PEEP is air that is accidentally trapped in the lung. Another name for this is auto-PEEP. Extrinsic PEEP is the positive baseline pressure that is set by the operator. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the sum of a patients residual volume and expiratory reserve volume, and is the amount of gas that normally remains in the lung after a quiet exhalation. The plateau pressure is the pressure measured in the lungs at no flow during an inspiratory hold maneuver.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 7| pg. 8
a. | 5 cm H2O |
b. | 10 cm H2O |
c. | 20 cm H2O |
d. | 30 cm H2O |
ANS: B
PTA = PIP Pplateau, where the PIP is 30 cm H2O and the Pplateau is 20 cm H2O. The PEEP is 5 cm H2O.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 12
a. | 14 mL/cm H2O |
b. | 20 mL/cm H2O |
c. | 33 mL/cm H2O |
d. | 50 mL/cm H2O |
ANS: D
Cs = Pplateau EEP; The Pplateau in the figure is 20 cm H2O and the PEEP is 10 cm H2O.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 12
a. | CS = 0.05 L/cm H2O Raw = 2 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
b. | CS = 0.05 L/cm H2O Raw = 6 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
c. | CS = 0.03 L/cm H2O Raw = 5 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
d. | CS = 0.03 L/cm H2O Raw = 8 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
ANS: B
Use the time constant formula, TC = C x R, to determine the time constant for each choice. The combination with the longest time constant will empty the slowest. The time constant for A is 0.1 sec, B is 0.3 sec, C is 0.15 sec, and D is 0.24 sec. To find out how many seconds for emptying, multiply the time constant by 5.
DIF: 3 REF: pg. 7
a. | 0.2 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
b. | 11.7 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
c. | 16.7 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
d. | 20 cm H2O/(L/sec) |
ANS: B
Use the graph to determine the PIP (34 cm H2O) and the Pplateau (20 cm H2O). Convert the flow into L/sec (70 L/min/60 = 1.2 L/sec). Then, Raw = (PIP Pplateau)/flow.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 9
a. | Open loop |
b. | Double circuit |
c. | Positive pressure |
d. | Negative pressure |
ANS: D
Air is caused to flow into the lungs with a negative pressure ventilator because the ventilator generates a negative pressure at the body surface that is transmitted to the pleural space and then to the alveoli. The transpulmonary pressure becomes greater because the pleural pressure drops. This closely resembles how a normal spontaneous breath occurs.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 5| pg. 6
Chapter 3; How a Breath Is Delivered
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. | Pressure and flow during a mechanical breath |
b. | Pressure and volume during a spontaneous breath |
c. | Flow and volume during a mechanical or spontaneous breath |
d. | Flow, volume, and pressure during a spontaneous or mechanical breath |
ANS: D
The mathematical model that relates pressure, volume, and flow during ventilation is known as the equation of motion for the respiratory system. This means that: Muscle pressure + Ventilator pressure = (Elastance x Volume) + (Resistance x Flow)
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 30
a. | PTA = PA x Raw |
b. | PTR = Paw + PA |
c. | Pvent + Pmus = Raw + PTA |
d. | Pvent + Pmus = Raw x |
ANS: B
The transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure generated by either the patient contracting the respiratory muscles or by the ventilator pushing the volume into the patient. This pressure is opposed by the elastic recoil pressure (PE) and the flow resistance pressure (PR). The transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient between the airway opening and the alveolus. This produces airway movement in the conductive airways. It represents only part of the equation of motion, the pressure needed to overcome the airway resistance. The equation of motion may be represented, on one side, by Pvent + muscle pressure (Pmus). However, this is equal to the elastic recoil pressure (V/C) plus the flow resistance pressure (Raw x ) or Pvent + Pmus = V/C + (Raw x ).
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 30
a. | One |
b. | Two |
c. | Three |
d. | Four |
ANS: A
As the equation of motion shows, the ventilator can control four variables: pressure, volume, flow, and time. It is important to recognize that the ventilator can control only one variable at a time.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 30
a. | 0.9 cm H2O |
b. | 1.8 cm H2O |
c. | 3.6 cm H2O |
d. | 4.6 cm H2O |
ANS: C
Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) = Pvent + Pmus = V/C + ( Raw x ).
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 30
a. | Volume increase |
b. | Flow decrease |
c. | Pressure increase |
d. | Rate decrease |
ANS: C
When a ventilator is volume-controlled the ventilator will maintain the volume, which will remain unchanged, along with the flow, but the pressure will vary with changes in lung characteristics. An increase in airway pressure will require more pressure to deliver the set volume. The set rate is independent of the changes in pressure.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 32
a. | Volume decrease |
b. | Flow increase |
c. | Pressure increase |
d. | Rate decrease |
ANS: A
During pressure-targeted (pressure-controlled) ventilation, pressure is unaffected by changes in lung characteristics. However, an increase in airway resistance will cause less volume to be delivered and will change the flow waveform. The set pressure will not be able to overcome the increased resistance, resulting in less volume delivery and a decrease in flow (V/TI).
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 32
a. | Decreased volume delivery |
b. | Increased peak pressure |
c. | Decreased flow delivery |
d. | Decreased peak pressure |
ANS: B
When a patient is being ventilated in a volume-limited mode the ventilator will maintain the volume, which will remain unchanged, along with the flow, but the pressure will vary with changes in lung characteristics. A decrease in lung compliance will cause the amount of pressure needed to overcome elastance to increase. This will increase the peak pressure needed to deliver the set volume. Flow and volume will remain constant.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 30| pg. 31
a. | 1 and 3 only |
b. | 2 and 4 only |
c. | 1 and 4 only |
d. | 1, 2 and 3 only |
ANS: A
During pressure-targeted ventilation the pressure remains constant and the flow and volume will respond to changes in the patient lung and airway characteristics. An improvement in airway resistance will make it easier to put more volume into the lungs with the same pressure setting as compared to volume delivery with increased airway resistance. Since volume and flow waveform will vary with changes in airway resistance, the volume will increase and the flow waveform will change with improvements in airway resistance. In pressure-targeted ventilation the pressure does not change. A decreased volume would be the result of worsening airway resistance.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 30| pg. 31
a. | Flow |
b. | Time |
c. | Volume |
d. | Pressure |
ANS: B
High-frequency oscillators control both inspiratory and expiratory time.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 41
a. | Cycle |
b. | Limit |
c. | Trigger |
d. | Baseline |
ANS: C
The trigger mechanism ends the expiratory phase and begins the inspiratory phase. Limit is the maximum value that a variable may reach during inspiration. Cycle terminates the inspiratory phase. The baseline variable is applied during exhalation and is the pressure level from which a ventilator breath begins.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 32
a. | Flow |
b. | Time |
c. | Pressure |
d. | Volume |
ANS: B
In the controlled mode the ventilator initiates all the breathing because the patient cannot. All ventilator initiated breaths are time triggered. Flow, pressure, and volume triggers are patient initiated.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 34
a. | 2 seconds |
b. | 4 seconds |
c. | 6 seconds |
d. | 8 seconds |
ANS: B
60 sec/min divided by 15 breaths/min = 4 seconds
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 34
a. | 1 and 3 only |
b. | 2 and 4 only |
c. | 1 and 4 only |
d. | 2 and 3 only |
ANS: A
The patient trigger variables are flow, pressure, and volume. Time is the ventilator trigger variable. The most common of the three patient triggers are flow and pressure. Very few ventilators use volume as a patient trigger.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 34| pg. 35
a. | Increase the rate setting. |
b. | Increase the baseline setting. |
c. | Decrease the volume setting. |
d. | Increase the sensitivity setting. |
ANS: D
What is being shown in the figure is a trigger pressure of 5 cm H2O below the baseline setting of 5 cm H2O. This is seen during the pressure trigger dropping down to 0 cm H2O during the trigger. In this situation the machine is not sensitive enough to the patients effort. The patient is working too hard to trigger the ventilator breath. The respiratory therapist needs to increase the ventilator sensitivity control. Changing any of the other parameters will not decrease the work that the patient is doing to trigger inspiration.
DIF: 3 REF: pg. 35
a. | 1 L/min |
b. | 2 L/min |
c. | 3 L/min |
d. | 4 L/min |
ANS: C
Base flow minus flow trigger setting is equal to the flow needed to be sensed at the expiratory flow sensor to trigger inspiration.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 35
a. | Time |
b. | Flow |
c. | Pressure |
d. | Volume |
ANS: B
When set properly, flow triggering has been shown to require less work of breathing than pressure triggering.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 35
a. | End inspiration |
b. | Begin inspiration |
c. | Control the maximum value allowed |
d. | Control the minimum value allowed |
ANS: C
A limit variable is the maximum value a variable can attain. It limits the variable during inspiration but does not end the inspiratory phase. The cycle setting ends inspiration. The trigger variable begins inspiration, and there is no control over the minimum value.
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 36
a. | Volume limited, time cycled ventilation |
b. | Pressure limited, time cycled ventilation |
c. | Pressure limited, pressure cycled ventilation |
d. | Volume limited, volume cycled ventilation |
ANS: B
Infant ventilators most often limit the pressure delivered and end inspiration using inspiratory time. Volume limited, volume cycled ventilation is volume-controlled ventilation. Pressure limited, pressure cycled ventilation is the type of breath used during intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB).
DIF: 1 REF: pg. 37
a. | Time |
b. | Flow |
c. | Pressure |
d. | Volume |
ANS: C
Volume ventilation is cycled by volume. However, to protect the patients lungs from high pressures a maximum high pressure limit is set (usually 10 cm H2O above the average peak inspiratory pressure). Inspiration ends prematurely when the high pressure limit is reached, independent of the set volume. This is the reason why the exhaled tidal volume reading is significantly lower than the set volume. Therefore, the variable ending inspiration in this instance is pressure.
DIF: 2 REF: pg. 39
a. | Cycle |
b. | Limit |
c. | Trigger |
d. | Baseline |
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